Important Tiliaceae of Odisha

Sanjeet Kumar
Ravenshaw University

Important Tiliaceae of Odisha

They are Trees and shrubs, or herbs (rarely); non-laticiferous and without coloured juice; leptocaul. Mesophytic. Leaves alternate; spiral, or distichous (often, or at least two ranked on the upper half of the shoot); petiolate; non-sheathing; simple. Lamina dissected, or entire; conspicuously asymmetric (commonly), or not conspicuously asymmetric; when dissected, palmatifid; usually palmately veined. Leaves stipulate. Stipules intrapetiolar; free of one another; caducous (often), or persistent. Leaves without a persistent basal meristem. Domatia occurring in the family (9 genera); manifested as hair tufts (nearly always), or pockets (rarely).  Secretory cavities present (usually, in pith and cortex); with mucilage. Cork cambium present; initially superficial. Nodes tri-lacunar. Primary vascular tissue in a cylinder, without separate bundles; centrifugal. Internal phloem absent. Secondary thickening developing from a conventional cambial ring.

 

 

 

The secondary phloem stratified into hard (fibrous) and soft (parenchymatous) zones. ‘Included’ phloem absent. Xylem with tracheids, or without tracheids; with fibre tracheids (with small bordered pits in Tilia), or without fibre tracheids; with libriform fibres; with vessels. Vessel end-walls simple. Vessels without vestured pits. Tile cells present (Durio and Pterospermum types). Wood storied, or partially storied (VPI); parenchyma apotracheal, or paratracheal. Sieve-tube plastids S-type.  Flowers solitary, or aggregated in ‘inflorescences’ (and sometimes paired); axillary; in cymes. The ultimate inflorescence unit cymose (mostly), or racemose. Inflorescences axillary (or displaced-axillary, with the foliage leaf subtending both a vegetative and an inflorescence bud: see Rendle (1930) for interpretation); mostly cymes, often very complex. Flowers regular; (3–)5 merous; cyclic, or partially acyclic. Sometimes the androecium acyclic. Floral receptacle developing an androphore, or with neither androphore nor gynophore. Free hypanthium absent. Hypogynous disk absent.  Perianth with distinct calyx and corolla, or sepaline (corolla rarely lacking); (4–)5–10; 2 whorled (usually), or 1 whorled; isomerous (usually). Calyx (3–)5; 1 whorled; polysepalous, or gamosepalous (sometimes basally connate); regular; imbricate. Epicalyx present, or absent. Corolla normally (4–)5; 1 whorled; polypetalous; imbricate, or contorted; regular. Petals deeply bifid, or entire.  Androecium (10–)15–100 (usually ‘many’). Androecial members branched; maturing centrifugally; free of the perianth (inserted at the base of the petals, or on an androphore); free of one another, or coherent; when coherent 1 adelphous, or 5 adelphous, or 10 adelphous; 1–10 whorled (or acyclic and covering an androphore).

Triumfetta neglecta

 

 

Androecium exclusively of fertile stamens, or including staminodes. Staminodes when present, 5–15 (?); non-petaloid. Stamens (10–)15–100 (usually ‘many’); diplostemonous (rarely), or triplostemonous to polystemonous. Anthers dehiscing via pores, or dehiscing via short slits, or dehiscing via longitudinal slits; bilocular (by contrast with Malvaceae); bisporangiate. Endothecium developing fibrous thickenings. Anther epidermis persistent. Microsporogenesis simultaneous. The initial microspore tetrads tetrahedral. Anther wall initially with one middle layer, or initially with more than one middle layer (1 or 2); of the ‘basic’ type. Tapetum glandular. Pollen grains aperturate; (2–)3–4 aperturate, or 6 aperturate; porate (3–4), or colporate (most commonly tricolporate), or foraminate (oligo-), or rugate (6-); 2-celled (in 6 genera).  Gynoecium 2–100 carpelled (to ‘many’). Carpels isomerous with the perianth, or reduced in number relative to the perianth, or increased in number relative to the perianth. The pistil 1 celled, or 2–100 celled (to ‘many’). Gynoecium syncarpous; eu-syncarpous; superior, or inferior (Neotessmannia). Ovary 1 locular (the septa incomplete), or 2–100 locular (to ‘many’); sessile. Gynoecium stylate. Styles 1; apical. Stigmas 1; capitate (or lobed); dry type; papillate; Group II type. Placentation when unilocular (i.e. rarely), free central; usually axile. Ovules in the single cavity when unilocular, 2–100 (to ‘many’); (1–)2–50 per locule (to ‘many’); ascending (usually, or always with Neotessmannia excluded?); more or less apotropous (?); with ventral raphe, or with lateral raphe; arillate (sometimes), or non-arillate; hemianatropous to anatropous; bitegmic; crassinucellate. Outer integument contributing to the micropyle, or not contributing to the micropyle. Endothelium differentiated. Embryo-sac development Polygonum-type.

 

 

Antipodal cells formed; 3; not proliferating; ephemeral. Synergids hooked (or very elongated). Endosperm formation nuclear. Embryogeny onagrad, or asterad.  Fruit fleshy, or non-fleshy; dehiscent, or indehiscent, or a schizocarp. Mericarps when schizocarpic, 2–100 (to ‘many’); comprising nutlets, or samaroid, or comprising drupelets (or other?). Fruit when non-schizocarpic, a capsule (usually), or capsular-indehiscent, or a drupe, or a nut (or other?). Capsules denticidal, or poricidal, or loculicidal (or other?). Seeds endospermic. Endosperm oily. Cotyledons 2; flat. Embryo chlorophyllous (4/8); curved, or bent. Micropyle zigzag.  Tilia supplies lumber (basswood, whitewood), also ornamental and shade trees popular for street plantings.

Some major are:

1.      Brownlowia lanceolata Benth.

2.      Triumfetta pilosa Roxb.

3.      Triumfetta annua L.

4.      Triumfetta neglecta W.

5.      Triumfetta rhomboidea Jacq.

6.      Triumfetta rotundifolia Lam.

7.      Corchorus capsularis L.

8.      Corchorus trilocularis L.

9.      Corchorus fascicularis Lam.

10.  Corchorus acutangulus Lam.

11.  Corchorus tridens L.

12.  Grewia rhamnifolia Heyne.

13.  Grewia aspera Roxb.

14.  Grewia sclerophylla Roxb.

15.  Grewia flavescens Juss.

16.  Grewia hirsute Vanb.

17.  Grewia multiflora Juss.

18.  Grewia disperma Rottl.

19.  Grewia tilliaefolia Vahl.

20.  Grewia royundifolia Juss.

21.  Grewia elastic Royle.

22.  Grewia hainesiana Hole.

23.  Grewia asiatica L.

24.  Grewia sapida Roxb.

25.  Grewia rothii DC.

26.  Elaeocarpus ganitus Roxb.

27.  Elaeocarpus serratus L.

28.  Elaeocarpus robustus Roxb.

29.  Elaeocarpus wallichii Kurs.