Important plant diseases with special reference to Bihar and Jharkhand

Sanjeet Kumar

Ravenshaw University

sanjeet.biotech@gmail.com

 

 

Important plant diseases with special reference to Bihar and Jharkhand

 

Phytopathology is the branch of Botany which deals with the study and the understanding of the nature, development and control of plant diseases. Plant diseases sometimes spread as epidemic and destroy the crops in large area. The disease can occur in any season and at any stage of plant growth from the times of sowing of seeds to the storage of product and causes a great economic loss as well as wastage of labour. Thus the purpose of plant pathology is to provide knowledge of the cause and development of plant disease with control measure. A plant pathologist must acquire knowledge from various discipline of science to ensure enough food, fibre, medicine and fuel foe all.

Major plant diseases in Bihar and Jharkhand:

1. Blast diseases in Rice caused by a fungus Pyricularia oryzae.
2. Black or Stem Rust of wheat caused by Puccinia graminis tritici a heteroceous fungus.
3. Loose Smut of Wheat caused by Ustilago trittici
4. Leaf Blight of Maize caused by Helminthosporium turcicum
5. Red Rot of Sugarcane caused by fungus Colletotrichum falcatum
6. Late blight of Potato caused by Phytophthora infestans
7. Little Leaf of Brinjal caused by phytoplasma and vector is Hishimonas phycitis a leafhopper.
8. Ripe Fruit-Rot and Die-Back of Chillies caused by Colltotrichum capsici
9. Leaf spot of Musturd caused by Alternaria brassicola and Alternaria brassicae.
10. Citrus Canker caused by Xanthomonas campestris
11. Bunchy Top of Banana caused by a virus Banana Virus-1.
12. Leaf spot disease of mango caused by Pestalotiopsis mangiferae.
13. Black Tip of mango caused by Brick-Kilns Smoke.
14. Tikka disease of Groundnut caused by Cercospora archidicola

Plant pathology (also phytopathology) is the scientific study of plant diseases caused bypathogens (infectious organisms) and environmental conditions (physiological factors). Organisms that cause infectious disease include fungi, oomycetes, bacteria, viruses, viroids, virus-like organisms, phytoplasmas, protozoa, nematodes and parasitic plants. Not included are ectoparasites like insects, mites, vertebrate, or other pests that affect plant health by consumption of plant tissues. Plant pathology also involves the study of pathogen identification, disease etiology, disease cycles, economic impact, plant disease epidemiology, plant disease resistance, how plant diseases affect humans and animals, pathosystem genetics, and management of plant diseases.

Common pathogenic infection methods:

 

Cell wall-degrading enzymes: These are used to break down the plant cell wall in order to release the nutrients inside.

Toxins: These can be non-host-specific, which damage all plants, or host-specific, which cause damage only on a host plant.

Effector proteins: These can be secreted into the extracellular environment or directly into the host cell, often via the Type three secretion system. Some effectors are known to suppress host defense processes. This can include: reducing the plants internal signaling mechanisms or reduction of phytochemicals production.^[1] Bacteria, fungus and oomycetes are known for this function