Biodiversity : Use and Conservation: Dioscorea and Research, Phase-II

Dyna, year 79, Nro. 171, pp. 175-182. Medellin, February, 2012

DRYING KINETICS OF TWO YAM (Dioscorea alata) VARIETIES

CINÉTICA DE SECADO EN DOS VARIEDADES DE NAME (Dioscorea alata)

RAMIRO TORRES, EVERALDO J. MONTES, RICARDO D. ANDRADE, OMAR A. PEREZ, HUGO TOSCANO

ABSTRACT: The aim of this research was the evaluation of the kinetics and the drying conditions, at laboratory scale, of two yam varieties (D. alata 9506-021 and 9506-027) from the germplasm bank of the University of Cordoba (Colombia). Two geometries (circular and square) were used for the study; the air temperature ranged from 40 to 70 °C and the air speed was 0.7 m s-1. The experimental data were fitted appropriately to Fick, Page, and Logarithmic models. Mass transfer of the yam slices was described by using Fick’s diffusion model, which was the best fitted model. Drying occurred mainly in the decline phase. Arrhenius described properly the dependency of the moisture diffusivity with temperature. Among the temperature range evaluated, moisture diffusivities varied from 1.70 x 10-9 to 6.84 x 10-10 m2/s and 1.33 x 10-9 to 6.30 x 10-10 m2/s for the D. alata 9506-21 and 9506-27, respectively. The drying activation energy for D. alata 9506-21 and 9506-27 varied from 23.19 to 25.72, and 16.03 to 17.82 kJ/mol, respectively.

RESUMEN: El objetivo de esta investigación fue la evaluación de la cinética y condiciones de secado, a escala de laboratorio, de dos variedades del ñame (D. alata 9506-021 y 9506-027) del banco de germoplasma de la Universidad de Córdoba (Colombia). Dos geometrías (circular y cuadrada) fueron utilizadas para el estudio; la temperatura del aire fue variada en un rango entre 40 a 70 °C y la velocidad de aire fue de 0.7 m.s-1. Los datos experimentales se ajustaron apropiadamente a los modelos de Fick, Page y Logarítmico. La transferencia de masa del ñame fue descrita usando el modelo de difusión de Fick’s, que fue el modelo que mejor se ajustó. El secado ocurrido principalmente en la fase de decreciente. La relación de Arrhenius describió satisfactoriamente la dependencia de la difusividad de la humedad con la temperatura. Entre el rango de temperatura evaluado, las difusividades de la humedad variaron de 1.70 x 10-9 a 6.84 x 10-10 m2/s, y 1.33 x 10-9 a 6.30 x 10-10 m2/s para D. alata 9506-21 y 9506-27, respectivamente. La energía de activación para el secado de D. alata 9506-21 y 9506-27 varió de 23.19 a 25.72 y 16.03 a 17.82 kJ/mol, respectivamente.

APPALACHIAN PLANT MONOGRAPHS, Appalachian Center for Ethnobotanical Studies

September 2011, Dioscorea villosa L. Wild yam

Andrew Pengelly PhD, AHG, FNHAA, Kathleen Bennett

Flora of China 24: 276–296. 2000.

1. DIOSCOREA Linnaeus, Sp. Pl. 2: 1032. 1753.

薯蓣属 shu yu shu

Herbs twining. Rootstock rhizomatous or tuberous, variable in color, shape, chemical constituents, and depth in ground. Bulb-lets axillary or absent. Leaves alternate or opposite, petiolate, simple or palmately compound, basal veins 3–9. Flowers unisexual (plants dioecious, rarely monoecious), arranged spirally in axillary, usually elongate spikes or racemes, or in small cymules in ± spikelike thyrses, these often several together, sometimes gathered into a terminal or axillary panicle by reduction of subtending leaves. Male flowers: stamens 6, 3 sometimes reduced to staminodes or absent. Female spikes 3.5–10 cm, few flowered. Female flowers: staminodes 3, 6, or absent. Capsule 3-winged, dehiscent apically at maturity. Seeds with a membranous wing.

More than 600 species: widely distributed in tropical and temperate regions; 52 species (21 endemic, two introduced) in China.

Dioscorea is a genus of great economic value, including important food plants. Several species are widely cultivated in many cultivars (including Dioscorea alata, D. esculenta, D. japonica, and D. polystachya), while other, wild species are valuable famine foods. Other species are sources of drugs both in traditional Chinese and Western medicine (notably D. nipponica and D. zingiberensis, which are major sources of steroid precursors).

Key to sections

1a. Stem twining to right; often at least some leaves opposite, always simple, though sometimes with enlarged basal lobes .............................................................................................................................................................. 8. Enantiophyllum

1b. Stem twining to left; leaves alternate, rarely ± whorled toward base of stem, sometimes palmately compound or lobed.

2a. Stem and leaves with T-shaped hairs ...................................................................................................................... 3. Combilium

2b. Stem and leaves without T-shaped hairs.

3a. Leaves nearly all palmately 3- or more foliolate (rarely with apical leaves simple); rootstock a tuber or group of tubers; seeds inserted near apex of capsule with wing pointing toward capsule base.

4a. Leaflets often more than 3, pinnately veined with 1 midvein; male flowers with 3 stamens and 3 staminodes .............................................................................................................................................. 6. Botryosicyos

4b. Leaflets always 3, prominently palmately veined from base; male flowers with 6 stamens .................. 7. Lasiophyton

3b. Leaves mostly simple; if compound leaves present then rootstock a horizontally spreading rhizome, basal leaves sometimes simple, and seeds inserted near middle of capsule and winged all round.

5a. Perianth lobes narrowly oblong; seeds inserted near apex of capsule with wing pointing toward capsule base; petiole base with a pair of stipulelike, blunt, fleshy swellings (shrinking considerably on drying) .................................................................................................................................................. 5. Opsophyton

5b. Perianth lobes usually elliptic to ovate; seeds inserted near base of capsule with wing pointing toward capsule apex, or inserted near middle and winged all round; petiole base without stipulelike swellings, though sometimes with small prickles at nodes.

6a. Male flowers always solitary along inflorescence axis; capsule not reflexed, distinctly wider than long ...................................................................................................................................................... 2. Stenocorea

6b. Male flowers in sessile clusters or pedunculate cymules at least toward base of inflorescence; capsule reflexed, about as long as to distinctly longer than wide.

7a. Rootstock a horizontally spreading rhizome; leaf blade margin sometimes undulate to deeply lobed; male flowers usually in sessile clusters (in cymules in D. nipponica var. rosthornii); indumentum short and stiff when present; capsule always with straight wings; seeds usually inserted near middle of capsule and winged all round, rarely inserted near base with wing pointing toward capsule apex (and then leaf blade with distinctly toothed to 4- or more lobed margin) ............................................................................................................................... 1. Stenophora

7b. Rootstock of vertical tubers; leaf blade margin always entire; male flowers usually in pedunculate cymules (sessile in D. tentaculigera); indumentum often softly pubescent when present (very shortly papillose in D. tentaculigera); capsule often with undulate wings; seeds inserted near base of capsule with wing pointing toward capsule apex ............... 4. Shannicorea

1. Dioscorea sect. Stenophora Uline in Engler & Prantl, Nat. Pflanzenfam. 2(5): 84. 1897.

根状茎组 gen zhuang jing zu

Rootstock a horizontally spreading, perennial rhizome. Stem twining to left. Bulblets present or absent. Leaves alternate, usually simple, rarely 3-foliolate; leaf blade glabrous or shortly stiffly hairy, margin entire to deeply palmately lobed. Male inflorescence a spike, raceme, or thyrse, sometimes branched, sometimes gathered into a terminal panicle by reduction of subtending leaves. Flowers usually in cymules of 2–4, solitary distally on inflorescence, sessile or pedicellate; bracts borne at base of pedicels; perianth lobes connate at base; stamens 6, sometimes 3 reduced to staminodes. Capsule reflexed at maturity, about as long as wide,

rarely longer than wide. Seeds inserted near middle of capsule and winged all round, rarely inserted near base with wing pointing toward capsule apex.

About 35 species: temperate Asia, extending into Malaysia and W to the Caucasus and Balkans, a few species in North America; 18 species (eight endemic) in China.

This section is characterized by the horizontally spreading rhizome, in contrast to the vertical tubers seen in the other sections.

Several species are of medicinal importance.

Key based on male flowering material

1a. Male flowers sessile.

2a. Stamens 3 fertile and 3 sterile or reduced to filaments.

3a. Leaf blade drying green, margin usually entire, sometimes toothed; anther connectives not fork-shaped at maturity ...................................................................................................................................................... 9. D. gracillima

3b. Leaf blade drying black or nearly so, margin entire though often undulate; anther connectives fork-shaped at maturity ........................................................................................................................................................ 10. D. collettii

2b. Stamens all fertile.

4a. Leaf blade usually with short, stiff hairs or long papillae mainly along veins; anthers 3 introrse and 3 extrorse.

5a. Leaf blade distinctly lobed or with strongly undulate margin, rarely margin only obscurely undulate, abaxially usually ± uniformly minutely papillose-puberulent, hairs yellowish ..................................... 1. D. nipponica

5b. Leaf blade ± 3-lobed, lateral lobes very short and broad, sometimes apically emarginate so leaf blade is ± 5-lobed, abaxially often papillose-hispidulous along veins, hairs white .......................................... 6. D. deltoidea

4b. Leaf blade glabrous; anthers all similar.

6a. Perianth purplish red; leaf blade always drying dark, often narrowly peltate.

7a. Perianth lobes 1.2–1.5 × 0.8–1 mm; leaf blade triangular-ovate, usually ± 3-lobed by enlargement of basal lobes ........................................................................................................... 4. D. zingiberensis

7b. Perianth lobes 0.8–1.2 × 0.6–0.8 mm; leaf blade broadly triangular-ovate, sometimes 3- to obscurely 5-lobed ....................................................................................................................... 5. D. sinoparviflora

6b. Perianth orange or light yellow; leaf blade often drying greenish, not peltate.

8a. Leaves often prickly on petiole and sometimes along main veins; stem with many prickles proximally ...................................................................................................................................... 18. D. birmanica

8b. Leaves not prickly; stem not prickly or inconspicuously prickly at nodes (more easily felt than seen).

9a. Leaf blade membranous, margin entire to slightly undulate; nodes usually not prickly .......... 7. D. panthaica

9b. Leaf blade slightly leathery, margin entire to completely 3-foliolate; nodes often shortly prickly ..................................................................................................................................... 8. D. biformifolia

1b. Male flowers pedicellate.

10a. Perianth purple; distal leaves usually 3-foliolate ............................................................................................... 17. D. simulans

10b. Perianth orange, yellow, or green; leaves entire to deeply lobed, never compound.

11a. Leaf blade drying dark gray to grayish brown or nearly black adaxially.

12a. Leaf blade of basal leaves palmately bluntly 7-lobed, uniformly hispidulous, densely so abaxially; spikes to 7 cm, usually in axillary panicles to 20 cm .............................................. 11. D. futschauensis

12b. Leaf blade ovate to triangular-ovate or nearly triangular-sagittate, glabrous; spikes to 20 cm, sometimes gathered into large, terminal panicles.

13a. Rhizomes to 5 cm thick; flowers in cymules of 2–6, rarely solitary, pedicels less than 1.5 mm; leaf blade membranous ............................................................................................... 15. D. chingii

13b. Rhizomes to 1.5 cm thick; flowers solitary or paired, pedicels ca. 2.5 mm; leaf blade thinly leathery ................................................................................................................................... 14. D. poilanei

11b. Leaf blade drying green or yellow-green adaxially.

14a. Anther connectives alternately simple and forked; pedicels to 8 mm; petioles 3–12 cm.

15a. Pedicels 1.5–8 mm; petioles 3–5 cm ...................................................................................... 13. D. tenuipes

15b. Pedicels to 1.7 mm; petioles 5–12 cm ......................................................................................... 3. D. tokoro

14b. Anther connectives all similar; pedicels to 3 mm; petioles 4.5–20 cm.

16a. Perianth funnelform, lobes not spreading; leaf blade always entire ......................... 16. D. banzhuana

16b. Perianth bowl-shaped to saucer-shaped, lobes spreading; leaf blade of basal leaves often undulate to distinctly lobed.

17a. Rhizome 0.7–1.5 cm thick; pedicels 2–3 mm; leaf blade orbicular to broadly ovate, usually shortly 4–7-lobed or coarsely toothed ....................................... 2. D. althaeoides

17b. Rhizome (1.5–)2–5 cm thick; pedicels to 1.5 mm; leaf blade triangular or ovate-cordate to unequally 3–7-lobed, often very variable in shape.

18a. Flowers usually in cymules or umbellules of 2–4(–7), solitary distally on inflorescence; stamens inserted at middle of perianth lobes; leaf blade

drying yellowish green abaxially ............................................................... 1. D. nipponica

18b. Flowers solitary or paired; stamens inserted at base of perianth; leaf blade drying grayish white abaxially ................................................................. 12. D. spongiosa

Key based on fruiting material

1a. Seeds inserted near base of capsule with wing pointing toward capsule apex, wing ca. 3 × as long as seed.

2a. Leaf blade margin usually entire, rarely obscurely undulate ..................................................................................... 3. D. tokoro

2b. Leaf blade margin deeply lobed to obscurely undulate.

3a. Leaf blade abaxially glabrous or sparsely minutely hairy ............................................................................. 1. D. nipponica

3b. Leaf blade abaxially densely shortly pilose along veins ............................................................................. 2. D. althaeoides

1b. Seeds inserted near middle of capsule, winged all round.

4a. Capsule pruinose, drying blue-black; leaf blade drying blackish, often narrowly peltate.

5a. Leaf blade triangular-ovate, usually ± 3-lobed by enlargement of basal lobes; capsule about as long as wide ...................................................................................................................................................... 4. D. zingiberensis

5b. Leaf blade broadly triangular-ovate, sometimes 3- to obscurely 5-lobed; capsule longer than wide ........................................................................................................................................................ 5. D. sinoparviflora

4b. Capsule not pruinose, drying pale to dark brown; leaf blade never peltate.

6a. At least some leaves 3-foliolate.

7a. Leaves usually 3-foliolate, lateral leaflets subequaling middle leaflet ................................................... 17. D. simulans

7b. Leaves often entire, lateral leaflets ca. 1/2 as long as middle leaflet, often incompletely separated .............................................................................................................................................. 8. D. biformifolia

6b. Leaves entire to deeply lobed, never compound.

8b. Leaves not prickly; stem not prickly or inconspicuously prickly at nodes (more easily felt than seen).

9a. Leaf blade slightly leathery, main veins often conspicuously pale; stem often shortly prickly at nodes.

10a. Capsule 2.8–3.2 cm; leaves always simple .............................................................................. 14. D. poilanei

10b. Capsule ca. 1.5 cm; distal leaves often 3-lobed to ± 3-foliolate with small, lateral leaflets ............................................................................................................................................... 8. D. biformifolia

9b. Leaf blade membranous to papery, main veins not pale; stem not prickly.

11a. Leaf blade usually distinctly lobed or toothed at margin, occasionally coarsely undulate, often abaxially papillose to hispidulous.

12a. Leaf blade adaxially hairy ....................................................................................... 11. D. futschauensis

12b. Leaf blade adaxially glabrous.

13a. Capsule wings 1.5–1.6 cm wide; rhizome 2–5 cm thick, drying soft and spongy; basal leaf blades sometimes subequally 5–9-lobed or coarsely toothed ............ 12. D. spongiosa

13b. Capsule wings 0.8–1.4 cm wide; rhizome often less than 2 cm thick, drying ± solid; basal leaf blades ovate to unequally 3(or 5)-lobed.

14a. Leaf blade papery, often abaxially hispid along veins; capsule wings (0.7–)1.2–1.4 cm wide .................................................................................. 6. D. deltoidea

14b. Leaf blade membranous, glabrous; capsule wings 0.8–1.2 cm wide ...... 16. D. banzhuana

11b. Leaf blade entire to distinctly undulate at margin, occasionally obscurely 3-lobed.

15a. Leaf blade drying green, margin sometimes toothed.

16a. Leaf blade 5–10(–12) × 2.5–7 cm ........................................................................ 9. D. gracillima

16b. Leaf blade 10–18 × 6.5–11 cm .............................................................................. 13. D. tenuipes

15b. Leaf blade drying dark brown or black, margin entire to slightly undulate.

17a. Capsule yellowish brown, 2.4–2.7 cm; leaf blade drying dark brown ................ 7. D. panthaica

17b. Capsule brown to dark brown, 1.5–2.1 cm; leaf blade drying ± black.

18a. Capsule wings 0.8–1.1 cm wide .................................................................... 10. D. collettii

18b. Capsule wings 1–1.7 cm wide ........................................................................ 15. D. chingii

1. Dioscorea nipponica Makino, Ill. Fl. Jap. 1(7): 2. 1891.

穿龙薯蓣 chuan long shu yu

Rhizome horizontal, many branched, cylindric, more than 1.5 cm thick; cork layer persistent or readily detached. Stem twining to left, drying green or reddish brown, to 5 m, glabres-cent. Leaves alternate, simple; petiole 10–20 cm; leaf blade shiny, drying yellowish green, broadly cordate to palmately un-equally 3–7-lobed, very variable in shape, 7–15 × 4–13 cm, gla-brous or sparsely minutely setose especially along veins, basal veins 7 or 9, outermost ones often forked, base cordate, margin undulate to prominently bluntly toothed or lobed, apex acu-minate. Male spike solitary, to 17 cm, rarely with occasional cymules expanded to form lateral branches. Male flowers: usually in cymules or umbellules of 2–4(–7), solitary distally on inflorescence, sessile or shortly pedicellate; bracts lanceolate, slightly shorter than perianth; bracteoles ± obsolete; perianth saucer-shaped, lobes obtuse at apex; stamens 6, inserted at middle of perianth lobes, anthers introrse. Female flowers: staminodes filiform; stigma 3-lobed. Capsule reflexed at

maturity, light brown, purplish speckled, ellipsoid-oblanceo-late, 1.5–2 cm, base rounded, apex shallowly emarginate; wings 0.7–0.8 cm wide. Seeds inserted near base of capsule, sometimes only 1 fertile, winged all round but wing much wider toward capsule apex. Fl. Jun–Aug, fr. Aug–Oct.

Mixed forests, scrub forests, warm-temperature transitional areas; 100–1800 m. Anhui, Gansu, Guizhou, Hebei, Heilongjiang, Henan, Hubei, N Jiangxi, Jilin, Liaoning, Nei Mongol, Ningxia, S Qinghai, Shaanxi, Shandong, Shanxi, NW Sichuan, N Zhejiang [Japan, Korea, Russia].

The rhizome is an important source of steroids for the drug indus-try.

1a. Rhizome with cork layer readily peeling or flaking off; stem slender; male flowers sessile ................................................. 1a. subsp. nipponica

1b. Rhizome with cork layer persistent; stem robust; male flowers shortly pedicellate .......................................... 1b. subsp. rosthornii

1a. Dioscorea nipponica subsp. nipponica

穿龙薯蓣(原亚种) chuan long shu yu (yuan ya zhong)

Dioscorea giraldii R. Knuth.

Rhizome with cork layer readily peeling or flaking off. Stem slender. Male flowers sessile.

Mixed forests, scrub forests; 100–1700 m. Anhui, Gansu, Hebei, Heilongjiang, Henan, N Jiangxi (Lu Shan), Jilin, Liaoning, Nei Mongol, Ningxia, S Qinghai, Shaanxi (N of Qin Ling), Shandong, Shanxi, NW Sichuan, N Zhejiang [Japan, Korea, Russia].

1b. Dioscorea nipponica subsp. rosthornii (Prain & Burkill) C. T. Ting in C. Pei et al., Acta Phytotax. Sin. 17(3): 70. 1979.

柴黄姜 chai huang jiang

Dioscorea nipponica var. rosthornii Prain & Burkill, J. Proc. Asiat. Soc. Bengal 10: 14. 1914; D. nipponica var. jame-sii Prain & Burkill.

Rhizome with cork layer persistent. Stem robust. Male flowers pedicellate.

• Warm-temperature transitional areas; 1000–1800 m. S Gansu (Tianshui Shi), Guizhou, Hubei, S Shaanxi (S of Qin Ling).

2. Dioscorea althaeoides R. Knuth in Engler, Pflanzenr. 87(IV. 43): 180. 1924.

蜀葵叶薯蓣 shu kui ye shu yu

Dioscorea platanifolia Prain & Burkill.

Rhizome horizontal, little branched, cylindric, 0.7–1.5 cm thick. Stem twining to left, sparsely hirsute, glabrescent. Leaves alternate, simple; petiole 5–12 cm; leaf blade drying greenish, orbicular to broadly ovate, usually 4–7-lobed or coarsely tooth-ed, 10–17 × 10–13 cm, veins abaxially tomentose, basal veins 9 or 11, outermost ones sometimes pedately divided, base cordate with rounded sinus, margin undulate to distinctly coarsely toothed, apex acute to acuminate. Male spikes solitary or paired, sometimes branched, to 28 cm; axis puberulent. Male flowers: usually in lax cymules of 2–5; pedicel 2–3 mm; bract to 1 mm; bracteoles absent; perianth dull olive green, bowl-shaped, ca. 1.5 mm, lobes spreading; stamens 6, inserted at base of perianth, filaments incurved, short. Female spikes solitary or 2 or 3 together, 40- or more flowered. Female flowers: bracts lanceo-late; staminodes filiform or absent. Capsule straw-colored, shiny, ca. 2.5 cm, base gradually narrowed, apex slightly widened; wings ca. 0.7 cm wide. Seeds inserted near base of capsule, ca. 8 mm; wing pointing toward capsule apex. Fl. Jun–Aug, fr. Jul–Sep.

Mixed forests, mountain slopes, ravines, roadsides; 1400–3200 m. Guizhou, Sichuan, E Xizang (Bomi Xian, Qamdo Xian), Yunnan [Thailand].

3. Dioscorea tokoro Makino, Bot. Mag. (Tokyo) 3: 112. 1889.

山萆_ shan bei xie

Dioscorea saidae R. Knuth; D. wichurae Uline ex R. Knuth; D. yokusai Prain & Burkill.

Rhizome horizontal, irregularly branched, subcylindric, 0.7–1 cm thick; cork light brown, rough; roots borne on lower side of rhizome, fibrous. Stem twining to left, grooved, smooth. Leaves alternate, simple; petiole 5–12 cm; leaf blade drying greenish, cordate to ± triangular-cordate, (3–)5–14 × 5–10.5 cm, adaxially glabrous, abaxially sometimes papilliferous along veins, basal veins 7 or 9, base cordate with rounded sinus, margin entire or sometimes undulate to obscurely lobed, apex acuminate or caudate. Male spikes solitary or paired, often branched, lax, to 7 cm, sometimes in lax, axillary panicles. Male flowers: solitary or in cymules of 2(–4); pedicel to 1.7 mm; bract and bracteole 1; perianth saucer-shaped, 3.5–4 mm in diam., outer lobes oblong, ca. 1 mm wide, apex rounded, inner ones ca. 0.7 mm wide; stamens 6, inserted at base of peri-anth, filaments curved outward. Female spike solitary, rarely paired, sometimes branched. Capsule reflexed at maturity, light brown, glossy, oblong-ellipsoid, 1.8–2.2 cm, base rounded, apex emarginate to truncate; wings 0.6–0.7 cm wide. Seeds inserted near base of capsule, winged ± all round but wing much wider toward capsule apex. Fl. Jun–Aug, fr. Aug–Oct.

• Mixed forests, bamboo forests, usually along ravine sides; near sea level to 1000 m. S Anhui, Fujian, Guizhou, S Henan, Hubei, Hunan, Jiangsu, S Jiangxi, S Sichuan (Yibin Shi), Zhejiang.

4. Dioscorea zingiberensis C. H. Wright, J. Linn. Soc., Bot. 36: 93. 1903.

盾叶薯蓣 dun ye shu yu

Plants sometimes monoecious. Rhizome horizontal, some-times irregularly branched, subcylindric, 1–1.5 cm thick; cork dull brown, rough; transverse section yellow. Stem twining to left, glabrous, smooth. Leaves alternate, simple; petiole 2.5–6 cm; leaf blade adaxially green, often irregularly spotted, drying dark grayish brown, narrowly peltate, triangular-ovate, usually ± 3-lobed by enlargement of basal lobes, 4.5–10 × 4–8.5 cm, papery, glabrous, base cordate with broadly rounded sinus, apex rounded and cuspidate to acuminate; lateral lobes reflexed, rounded. Male spikes solitary or 2 or 3 together, 5–10 cm, very slender, often borne along specialized, paniclelike, lateral shoots with reduced leaves. Male flowers: solitary or in cymules of 2 or 3, sessile; bracts 3 or 4, brown, membranous; perianth pur-plish red, drying black, lobes spreading at anthesis, 1.2–1.5 × 0.8–1 mm; stamens 6, inserted at margin of receptacle, fila-ments extremely short. Female spike to 8 cm. Female flowers:

staminodes filiform. Capsule reflexed, long pedicellate, drying blue black, obovoid, 1.4–2 cm, about as long as wide, prui-nose, base ± truncate, apex emarginate; wings 0.8–1.2 cm wide. Seeds inserted near middle of capsule, winged all round. Fl. May–Aug, fr. Sep–Oct.

• Mixed forests; 100–1800 m. Gansu, S Henan, Hubei, Hunan, S Shaanxi (S of Qin Ling), Sichuan, Yunnan.

The peltate attachment of most leaf blades is immediately diag-nostic for this and the following species. It is the only Chinese species that has been recorded as being monoecious.

The rhizome is an extremely important source of diosgenin for the drug industry. It is also an important traditional medicine.

5. Dioscorea sinoparviflora C. T. Ting et al., Novon 10: 13. 2000.

小花盾叶薯蓣xiao hua dun ye shu yu

Dioscorea parviflora C. T. Ting in C. Pei et al., Acta Phytotax. Sin. 17(3): 69. 1979, not Philippi (1864).

Rhizome horizontal, palmately or irregularly branched, cylindric, 1–1.5 cm thick; cork yellow-brown, rough. Stem twining to left, glabrous. Leaves alternate, simple; petiole 2.5–5.5 cm; leaf blade drying grayish brown, sometimes narrowly peltate, broadly triangular-ovate, sometimes 3- to obscurely 5-lobed, 4.5–9 × 5–9.5 cm, leathery, glabrous, base deeply cor-date (with rounded sinus) to subtruncate, apex acuminate. Male spikes solitary or 2 or 3 together, 5–7 cm. Male flowers often in cymules of 2 or 3, sessile; bracts 3 or 4, ovate or triangular-ovate, membranous; perianth purplish red, drying black, lobes ovate, 0.8–1.2 × 0.6–0.8 mm; stamens 6, inserted at margin of receptacle, filaments extremely short, anthers introrse. Female flowers: staminodes usually filiform. Capsule reflexed, long pedicellate, drying blue black, obovoid to oblong-ellipsoid, 2–2.8 cm, longer than wide, pruinose, base rounded, apex truncate to rounded; wings 0.8–1.1 cm wide. Seeds inserted near middle of capsule, winged all round. Fl. Mar–Aug, fr. Aug–Dec.

• Scrub forests, bamboo forests; 400–2000 m. Yunnan.

6. Dioscorea deltoidea Wallich ex Grisebach in Martius, Fl. Bras. 3(1): 43. 1842.

三角叶薯蓣 san jiao ye shu yu

Rhizome horizontal, ginger-shaped, 1.2–1.5cmthick. Stem twining to left, drying light brown to purplish brown, grooved. Leaves alternate, simple; petiole 4–10(–15) cm; leaf blade dry-ing gray-green, triangular or triangular-ovate, usually 3-lobed, 5–9 × 4–5.5 cm, adaxially glabrous, abaxially papillose-setulose along veins, basal veins 3–7, outermost ones much shorter, base shallowly cordate (with very broad sinus) to subtruncate, apex of middle lobe acuminate, apex of lateral lobes rounded. Male spike solitary, sometimes branched, 9–16 cm. Male flowers: solitary or paired, sessile; bracts broadly ovate, membranous, apex acute; perianth saucer-shaped, 3–3.5 mm in diam., lobes ovate, ca. 0.8 mm wide; stamens 6, inserted at base of perianth, anthers 3 introrse and 3 extrorse, connectives not fork-shaped. Female spike to 5 cm, 4–6-flowered. Female flowers: staminodes present. Capsule reflexed, brown at maturity, purplish brown spotted, globose or oblong-obovoid, (1.5–)1.8–2.2 cm, base rounded, apex emarginate or rounded; wings (0.7–)1.2–1.4 cm wide. Seeds inserted near middle of capsule, ovate, winged all round. Fl. May–Jun, fr. Jun–Sep.

Broad-leaved forests, scrub forests; 2000–3100 m. Sichuan, Xi-zang, Yunnan [Bhutan, India, Myanmar, Nepal, Sikkim, Thailand, Vietnam].

Dioscorea deltoidea var. orbiculata Prain & Burkill (Ann. Roy. Bot. Gard. (Calcutta) 14: 25. 1936) was published for a Chinese collec-tion with the capsule ± globose. However, the description lacked a Latin diagnosis so the name is invalid. Chinese material often differs from typical, Indian material by the distinctly 3-lobed leaves, but the sepa-ration is not very clear-cut and more detailed investigations should be undertaken to clarify the status of these plants.

7. Dioscorea panthaica Prain & Burkill, J. Asiat. Soc. Bengal, Pt. 2, Nat. Hist. 73(Suppl.): 6. 1904.

黄山药 huang shan yao

Dioscorea biserialis Prain & Burkill.

Rhizome horizontal, irregularly branched, cylindric; roots sparse, fibrous. Stem twining to left, straw-colored, glabrous, smooth. Leaves alternate, simple; petiole 7–13 cm; leaf blade abaxially grayish white, drying dark brown, triangular-cordate, to 18 × 14 cm, glabrous, basal veins 7, conspicuously pale, base cordate or broadly so, margin entire or slightly undulate, apex acuminate. Male spikes solitary or 2 or 3 together, branched, to 10 cm, very slender. Male flowers: solitary or in cymules of 2 or 3, sessile; bracts boat-shaped; perianth yellowish green, fun-nelform, ca. 2 mm, lobes adaxially yellowish brown spotted, ovate; stamens 6, inserted at base of perianth, anthers dorsi-fixed. Female spike to 10 cm, few flowered. Female flowers: staminodes 6. Capsule reflexed, brownish yellow, densely pur-plish brown freckled, shiny, obovoid, 2.4–2.7 cm, base cuneate, apex shallowly emarginate to subtruncate; wings 0.9–1.2 cm wide. Seeds inserted near middle of capsule, winged all round. Fl. May–Jul, fr. Jul–Sep.

Scrub forests, mountain slopes; 1000–3500 m. W Guizhou, SW Hubei (Enshi Xian), NW Hunan, W Sichuan, Yunnan [Thailand].

The synonym Dioscorea biserialis has two syntypes: a fruiting specimen, Forrest 10951, which belongs to D. panthaica, and a male plant, Maire s.n., which has not been seen by the present authors.

8. Dioscorea biformifolia C. Pei & C. T. Ting, Acta Phytotax. Sin. 14(1): 69. 1976.

异叶薯蓣 yi ye shu yu

Rhizome horizontal, irregularly branched, cylindric; cork purplish black, rough. Stem twining to left, glabrous, smooth but inconspicuously shortly prickly near nodes. Leaves alter-nate, simple or sometimes 3-foliolate distally on stem; leaf blade of simple leaves drying dark grayish brown, lanceolate, 12–17 × 7–8 cm, slightly leathery, glabrous, basal veins 3, rarely to 9 (when outermost ones much shorter), base deeply cordate with narrow sinus and basal lobes sometimes overlapping, margin entire or slightly undulate, apex acuminate; middle lobe or leaflet lanceolate, 10–20 × 1.5–3 cm, lateral lobes or leaflets much smaller, oblique, rounded, or acuminate. Male spike to 9 cm, solitary along specialized, lateral shoots or in axillary panicles to more than 20 cm. Male flowers: solitary

Mixed forests, secondary Quercus forests, scrub forests, moun-tain slopes; 200–3200 m. S Anhui, Fujian, N Guangdong, NE Guang-xi, Guizhou, S Henan, Hubei, Hunan, Jiangxi, W Sichuan, N Taiwan, Yunnan, Zhejiang [India, Laos, Myanmar, Thailand, Vietnam].

or in dense clusters of 2–4, sessile; bracts rounded; perianth yellowish green, saucer-shaped, lobes ovate, ca. 1.5 × 1 mm, apex obtuse; stamens 6, inserted at base of perianth, filaments short. Female spike lax. Capsule reflexed, light brown, obovoid, ca. 1.5 cm, base rounded, apex truncate; wings ca. 0.8 cm wide. Seeds inserted near middle of capsule, winged all round. Fl. Apr–Jul, fr. Jul–Oct.

1a. Leaf blade not transparent at margin; anther connective often 1–2 × as wide as anther at anthesis; capsule broadly obovoid, apex truncate or rounded .................................. 10a. var. collettii

• Scrub forests, forest margins, mountain slopes; 600–1800 m. Yunnan.

1b. Leaf blade transparent at margin; anther connective short, ca. 1/2 as wide as anther at anthesis; capsule broadly ellipsoid, apex rounded ............................................. 10b. var. hypoglauca

9. Dioscorea gracillima Miquel, Ann. Mus. Bot. Lugduno-Batavi 3: 160. 1867.

纤细薯蓣 xian xi shu yu

10a. Dioscorea collettii var. collettii

Rhizome horizontal, irregular. Stem twining to left, gla-brous. Leaves alternate, sometimes 3- or 4-whorled at stem base, simple; petiole 7–12 cm; leaf blade drying green or brown-ish, cordate, 10–18 × 6.5–11 cm, pruinose, glabrous, basal veins 7 or 9, base broadly cordate or subtruncate, margin entire or slightly undulate, apex acuminate. Male spike irregularlybranch-ed, laxly few flowered; rachis slender. Male flowers: solitary, rarely in cymules of 2 or 3 at inflorescence base, sessile; bracts ovate,membranous; bracteoles shorter and narrower than bracts; perianth saucer-shaped, lobes oblong-orbicular, 1.5–2 mm; sta-mens 3, anther connective ca. 1/2 as wide as anther; staminodes 3, inserted at margin of receptacle, clavate. Female spike soli-tary, laxly few flowered, to 7 cm. Female flowers: staminodes 6. Capsule reflexed, brown, oblong-ovoid, 2–2.2 cm, apex trun-cate; wings 1–1.1 cm wide. Seeds inserted near middle of cap-sule, ca. 1 cm in diam. (ca. 0.5 cm excluding wing), winged all round. Fl. May–Aug, fr. Jun–Oct.

叉蕊薯蓣(原变种) cha rui shu yu (yuan bian zhong)

Dioscorea gracillima Miquel var. collettii (J. D. Hooker) Uline ex Yamamoto; D. hui R. Knuth; D. kelungensis Hayata; D. nigrescens R. Knuth; D. oenea Prain & Burkill; D. seniavinii Prain & Burkill; D. tashiroi Hayata.

Leaf blade triangular-cordate or ovate-lanceolate, margin not transparent. Anther connective often 1–2 × as wide as an-ther at anthesis. Capsule broadly obovoid, apex truncate or rounded. Fl. May–Aug, fr. Jun–Oct.

Secondary Quercus forests, scrub forests; 1500–3200 m. S Anhui, Fujian, N Guangdong, NE Guangxi, Guizhou, S Henan, Hubei, Hunan, Jiangxi, W Sichuan, N Taiwan, Zhejiang [India, Myanmar].

10b. Dioscorea collettii var. hypoglauca (Palibin) C. T. Ting et al. in C. Pei & C. T. Ting, Fl. Reipubl. Popularis Sin. 16(1): 72. 1985.

Open forests, mountain slopes; 200–2200 m. S Anhui, N Fujian, SW Hubei, E Hunan, Jiangxi, Zhejiang [Japan].

粉背薯蓣 fen bei shu yu

Dioscorea hypoglauca Palibin, Bull. Herb. Boissier, sér. 2, 6: 21. 1906; D. izuensis Akahori; D. kaoi Tang S. Liu & T. C. Huang; D. morsei Prain & Burkill; D. undulata R. Knuth.

Chinese collections of this species have entire leaves with little or no suggestion of an undulate margin, whereas Japanese collections have leaves with an undulate to obscurely bluntly lobed margin. The type is from Japan.

Leaf blade triangular or ovate, margin usually transparent. Anther connective short, ca. 1/2 as wide as anther at anthesis. Capsule broadly ellipsoid, apex rounded. Fl. May–Aug, fr. Jun–Oct.

10. Dioscorea collettii J. D. Hooker, Fl. Brit. India 6: 290. 1892.

叉蕊薯蓣 cha rui shu yu

Rhizome horizontal, ginger-shaped, variable in length, ca. 2 cm thick; transverse section yellow; roots slender, fibrous. Stem twining to left, glabrous, sometimes densely and shortly yellow hairy. Leaves alternate, simple; petiole 4–7 cm; leaf blade drying blackish, triangular to ovate or ovate-lanceolate, 5–19(–22) × 3–13(–16) cm, usually membranous, abaxially sometimes hispidulous especially along veins, base cordate to subtruncate, margin subentire or slightly undulate, sometimes transparent, apex acuminate. Male spikes solitary or 2 or 3 together. Male flowers: solitary or in cymules of 2 or 3, sessile; bracts ovate-lanceolate; bracteoles ovate; perianth yellow, usu-ally drying black, saucer-shaped; stamens 3, inserted in perianth tube, filaments short, anthers ovoid, connectives elongate at an-thesis, fork-shaped; staminodes filiform. Female spike solitary, to 5 cm. Female flowers: staminodes present; ovary terete. Cap-sule reflexed, brown, shiny, broadly obovoid or ellipsoid, us-ually somewhat angular, 1.6–2.1 cm, apex truncate; wings 0.8–1.1 cm wide. Seeds inserted near middle of capsule, winged all round. Fl. May–Aug, fr. Jun–Oct.

• Mixed forests, mountain slopes; 200–1300 m. S Anhui, Fujian, N Guangdong, NE Guangxi, S Henan, Hubei, Hunan, Jiangxi, N Tai-wan, Zhejiang.

11. Dioscorea futschauensis Uline ex R.KnuthinEngler, Pflan-zenr. 87(IV. 43): 264. 1924.

福州薯蓣 fu zhou shu yu

Rhizome horizontal, irregularly cylindric, 1–3.5 cm thick, hard, drying rich in starch; cork yellowish brown. Stem twining to left, glabrous. Leaves alternate, simple; petiole to 5 cm; leaf blade drying dark grayish, ovate-triangular, palmately bluntly 7-lobed basally on stem, to 10 × 11 cm, slightly leathery, uni-formly hispidulous, densely so abaxially, reticulate veins pro-minent, base deeply cordate, margin entire or slightly undulate, apex acuminate. Male spikes to 7 cm, in axillary panicles to 20 cm. Male flowers: solitary or occasionally paired; pedicel 1–1.5 mm; bracts lanceolate; perianth yellow, turning orange, drying black, funnelform, lobes spreading at anthesis, oblong-ovate,

1.5–2 mm, apex rounded; stamens (3 or)6, inserted at base of perianth tube; staminodes sometimes present. Female spikes to 7 cm, few flowered. Female flowers: staminodes with sterile anthers or filaments only. Capsule dark brown, not shiny, broad-ly obovoid, 1.5–1.8 cm, base rounded, apex slightly emarginate to truncate; wings 1–1.2 cm wide. Seeds inserted near middle of capsule, 4–5 mm in diam. (excluding wing), winged all round. Fl. Jun–Jul, fr. Jul–Oct.

• Scrub forests, mountain slopes, ravines, roadsides; near sea level to 700 m. Fujian, N Guangdong, NE Guangxi (Quanzhou Xian), Hunan, S Zhejiang.

12. Dioscorea spongiosa J. Q. Xi et al., Acta Phytotax. Sin. 25: 52. 1987.

绵萆_ mian bei xie

Rhizome horizontal, much branched, cylindric, 2–5 cm thick, soft, spongy; cork light yellow. Stem twining to left, gla-brous. Leaves alternate, simple; petiole to 12 cm; leaf blade drying greenish, abaxially grayish white, triangular or ovate-cordate, sometimes palmately 5–9-lobed basally on stem, 11–14 × 7.5–12 cm, adaxially glabrous, abaxially densely minutely setulose to puberulent, basal veins 9 or 11, reticulate veins prominent, base cordate with rounded sinus, margin entire to distinctly toothed, apex and lobes acute to acuminate. Male spike branched or forming an axillary panicle, lax, to 15 cm, sometimes forming terminal panicles by reduction of apical leaves. Male flowers: solitary or paired; pedicel 0.5–1 mm; bracts lanceolate, ca. 1 mm; bracteole borne at base of pedicel, minute; perianth orange, tube 1–1.5 mm wide, lobes spreading at anthesis, oblong-lanceolate, 2–2.5 mm, apex rounded; stamens 6, inserted at base of perianth, erect, ca. 1/2 as long as perianth lobes. Female spikes 12–30 cm, sometimes branched. Female flowers: staminodes filiform. Capsule dark brown, ± shiny, 1.3–1.6 cm, base ± truncate, apex emarginate; wings 1.5–1.6 cm wide. Seeds inserted near middle of capsule, winged all round, middle part narrower. Fl. Jun–Aug, fr. Jul–Oct.

• Open forests, scrub forests; 400–800 m. Fujian, N Guangdong, E Guangxi, SW Hubei, Hunan, Jiangxi, Zhejiang.

This species has previously been included within Dioscorea sep-temloba Thunberg, from Japan, but it is now thought that D. septemloba should be restricted to Japanese material and the Chinese plants be treated as a distinct species, D. spongiosa.

An important traditional medicine.

13. Dioscorea tenuipes Franchet & Savatier, Enum. Pl. Jap. 2: 523. 1878.

细柄薯蓣 xi bing shu yu

Dioscorea maximowiczii Uline ex R. Knuth.

Rhizome horizontal, cylindric, 0.6–1.5 cm thick, with ob-vious nodes and internodes. Stem twining to left, glabrous, smooth. Leaves alternate, simple; petiole 3–5 cm; leaf blade drying green, triangular, 5–10(–13) × 2.5–7(–11) cm, papery, glabrous, base broadly cordate, margin entire or slightly un-dulate, apex acuminate or caudate. Male spike solitary, rarely paired, 7–18 cm. Male flowers: solitary or paired; pedicel 1.5–8 mm; perianth pale yellow, saucer-shaped to slightly reflexed, lobes suboblanceolate, apex obtuse or rounded; stamens 6, in-serted at base of perianth, anthers extrorse, 3 with forked con-nectives and 3 without. Female spikes to 8 cm, few flowered. Female flowers: staminodes filiform. Capsule pale yellow-brown, shiny, 2–2.5 cm, base rounded, apex truncate; wings 1.2–1.5 cm wide. Seeds inserted near middle of capsule, winged all round.

Forests; 800–1100 m. S Anhui, Fujian, N Guangdong, S Hunan, Jiangxi, Zhejiang [Japan].

14. Dioscorea poilanei Prain & Burkill, Bull. Misc. Inform. Kew 1933: 240. 1933.

吊罗薯蓣 diao luo shu yu

Rhizome horizontal, irregularly branched, cylindric, to 1.5 cm thick, hard. Stem twining to left, glabrous, smooth except inconspicuously shortly prickly near nodes. Leaves alternate, simple; petiole 6–8 cm; leaf blade drying grayish brown, tri-angular-ovate or nearly triangular-sagittate, 10–12 × 6–10 cm, thinly leathery, glabrous, basal veins 3–7, outermost ones much shorter, reticulate veins prominent, base auriculate, apex acuminate. Male spikes solitary or 2–4 together, to 20 cm. Male flowers: solitary or paired; pedicel ca. 2.5 mm; perianth lobes ± reflexed, oblong or oblong-ovate, outer ones ca. 1 mm, wider than inner ones; stamens 6, inserted at margin of perianth tube, less than 0.8 mm. Female spikes similar to male ones. Capsule bronze, shiny, ovoid-globose, 2.8–3.2 cm, apex truncate; wings ca. 1.5 cm wide. Seeds inserted near middle of capsule, winged all round. Fl. Jun–Aug, fr. Aug–Oct.

Forests, scrub; near sea level to 200 m. Hainan [Cambodia, Laos, Malaysia, Thailand, Vietnam].

15. Dioscorea chingii Prain & Burkill,Bull. Misc. Inform. Kew 1931: 425. 1931.

山葛薯 shan ge shu

Rhizome horizontal, irregularly branched, cylindric, to 5 cm thick; cork brown-black. Stem twining to left, glabrous, smooth. Leaves alternate, simple; petiole subequaling leaf blade; leaf blade drying blackish, ovate, narrower distally on stem, 7.5–20 × 4.5–11.5 cm, papery, glabrous, smooth, basal veins 7, reticulate veins raised, base cordate with acute sinus, margin entire or undulate, apex acuminate. Male spike solitary, rarely 2 or 3 together, lax, to 17 cm, often gathered into large, terminal panicles. Male flowers: in cymules of 2–6, rarely soli-tary, shortly pedicellate; perianth light yellow, lobes ovoid, ca. 2 mm, shorter than perianth tube; stamens 6, inserted at base of perianth, filaments reflexed. Female spikes to 20 cm; rachis very slender. Female flowers: staminodes 6, filiform. Capule reflexed, brown to dark brown, (1.5–)2–2.5 cm, base and apex truncate; wings 1–1.7 cm wide. Seeds inserted near middle of capsule, winged all round. Fl. Apr–Jul, fr. Aug–Oct.

Scrub forests, mountain slopes; 1200–1800 m. Guangxi, Yunnan [Vietnam].

16. Dioscorea banzhuana C. Pei & C. T. Ting, Acta Phytotax. Sin. 14(1): 70. 1976.

板砖薯蓣 ban zhuan shu yu

Rhizome horizontal, irregularly branched, cylindric, curv-ed; cork dark brown. Stem twining to left, glabrous, smooth.

Leaves alternate, simple; petiole 4.5–10 cm; leaf blade drying greenish, palmately 3- or 5-lobed basally on stem, ovate-lan-ceolate distally on stem, 8–15 × 7–15 cm, ?glabrous, base deep-ly cordate to truncate, or rounded on distal leaves, margin entire, apex acuminate. Male spikes usually branched, to 7 cm, in diffuse, axillary panicles to 20 cm, panicles sometimes with leafy bracts. Male flowers: solitary or in cymules of 2–4, some flowers sterile; pedicel ca. 2 mm; bracts scalelike, to 1 mm; bracteole ± obsolete; perianth funnelform, ca. 2 mm, lobes not spreading at anthesis, ovoid; stamens 6, inserted at base of peri-anth. Female spikes to 20 cm; rachis very slender. Capsule re-flexed, light brown, glossy, 1.5–1.8 cm, base truncate to round-ed, apex truncate; wings 0.8–1.2 cm wide. Seeds inserted near middle of capsule, dark brown, winged all round. Fl. Aug–Oct, fr. Sep–Dec.

• Open forests, scrub forests, mountain slopes; 1400–1500 m. SE Yunnan (Mengzi Xian).

17. Dioscorea simulans Prain & Burkill, Bull. Misc. Inform. Kew 1931: 427. 1931.

马肠薯蓣ma chang shu yu

Rhizome horizontal, irregularly branched, cylindric; cork black-brown, rough. Stem twining to left, slender, hard, groov-ed, glabrous. Leaves alternate, simple to 3-foliolate, more divi-ded distally on stem; leaf blade of simple leaves triangular or triangular-ovate, 5–16 × 1.5–5 cm, glabrous, smooth, reticulate veins prominent abaxially, base rounded, apex acute; middle leaflets of palmate leaves lanceolate, base attenuate, lateral leaf-lets ovate, smaller than middle ones, base slightly oblique. Male spikes solitary or 2–4 together, occasionally few branched, lax, 12–15 cm. Male flowers: solitary or in cymules of 2–4; perianth purple, lobes spreading at anthesis, long ovate; stamens 6, in-serted at base of perianth, filaments short, anthers alternately larger and smaller. Female spikes 7–10 cm.Capsule dark-brown at maturity, shiny, obovoid, 1–1.5 cm, apex slightly emarginate or truncate; wings 0.5–1 cm wide. Seeds inserted near middle of capsule, winged all round. Fl. May–Aug, fr. Jul–Oct.

• Scrub forests, rocky mountain slopes. N Guangdong, Guangxi, S Hunan.

18. Dioscorea birmanica Prain & Burkill, J. Asiat. Soc. Bengal, Pt. 2, Nat. Hist. 73: 185. 1904.

独龙薯蓣 du long shu yu

Rhizome horizontal, irregularly branched, bulky; cork cracked, tessellated; transverse section pink; bases of old roots becoming hard and ± thornlike. Stem twining to left, faintly grooved, glabrous, or pubescent to puberulent and glabrescent, abundantly prickly proximally, prickly only at nodes distally, smooth apically. Leaves alternate, simple; petiole 4.5–9 cm, often with recurved prickles; leaf blade ovate or broadly so, to 15 × 16 cm, glabrous or pubescent along main veins abaxially, main veins sometimes prickly, basal veins 7–11, base cordate with narrow or broad sinus and rounded auricles. Male spike produced before leaves on new stem, solitary, lax, 35–45 cm. Male flowers: in cymules to 1 cm, subsessile; bracts brown, lanceolate, ca. 1.5 mm; bracteoles absent; perianth narrowly campanulate, proximally villous, lobes erect, oblong-lanceolate, ca. 2.5 mm, apex rounded; stamens 6, inserted in throat of perianth tube, slightly shorter than perianth, filaments longer than anthers. Female spikes 20–30 cm. Female flowers: staminodes minute. Capsule reflexed, yellow-brown, oblong-obovoid, angular in outline, 2–3 cm, densely puberulent, glabrescent, base truncate to rounded, apex retuse to rounded; wings 1–1.5 cm wide. Seeds inserted near middle of capsule, winged all round.

About 400 m. NW Yunnan (Gongshan Drung-Nu Zu Zizhixian) [Myanmar, Thailand].

The present authors have not seen any Chinese material of this species.

2. Dioscorea sect. Stenocorea Prain & Burkill, J. Proc. Asiat. Soc. Bengal 10: 40. 1914.

宽果薯蓣组 kuan guo shu yu zu

Rootstock of vertical tubers from a woody crown. Stem twining to left. Bulblets apparently absent. Leaves alternate, simple; leaf blade ± ovate, margin entire. Male inflorescence solitary, subspicate. Flowers solitary, subsessile or pedicellate; bracts borne at base of pedicels; perianth funnelform, lobes spreading; stamens 6, anthers introrse. Capsule not reflexed at maturity, often rather large, usually wider than long. Seeds inserted near middle of capsule, winged all round.

About seven species: Malaysia, extending into China, Indonesia, and Thailand; one species in China.

19. Dioscorea garrettii Prain & Burkill, Bull. Misc. Inform. Kew 1936: 493. 1936.

宽果薯蓣 kuan guo shu yu

Rootstock unknown. Stem twining to left, ca. 2 mm thick at anthesis, glabrous. Leaves alternate, simple; petiole to 4 cm; leaf blade drying green adaxially, grayish abaxially, narrowly ovate to oblong-lanceolate, to 12 × 6 cm, membranous, gla-brous, basal veins (5 or)7, outermost ones poorly developed, base cordate with broadly rounded sinus, apex acuminate. Male spike solitary, to 20 cm, slender. Male flowers: solitary, subses-sile; pedicel to 0.5 mm; bract ± lanceolate, ca. 1 mm; bracteole borne on pedicel, ovate, 0.5–0.75 mm; perianth saucer-shaped, outer lobes ovate, ca. 1.5 mm, apex recurved, subacute, inner ones more rounded at apex than outer; stamens 6, inserted at margin of receptacle, filaments mostly erect, sharply incurved at apex, anthers nearly as wide as long. Female spike solitary, pendent, to 7 cm. Capsules 3 or 4, not reflexed, light brown, ca. 3 cm, glabrous, base truncate to broadly cuneate, attenuate into pedicel, apex shallowly emarginate; wings to 2.6 cm wide. Seeds inserted near middle of capsule, winged all round. Fl. Aug, fr. (immature) Oct.

1300–1400 m. Yunnan [Thailand].

This species is known from only a single collection within China.

3. Dioscorea sect. Combilium Prain & Burkill, J. Proc. Asiat. Soc. Bengal 10: 19. 1914.

丁字形毛组 ding zi xing mao zu

Rootstock of ovoid-globose tubers borne on stalks from a rhizome. Stem twining to left, with T-shaped hairs. Bulblets absent. Leaves alternate, simple; leaf blade ± ovate, with T-shaped hairs, margin entire. Male inflorescence usually solitary, a spike or raceme. Flowers usually solitary, sometimes in dense umbellules; perianth saucer-shaped; stamens 6. Capsule reflexed at maturity, longer than wide. Seeds inserted at middle of capsule, winged all round.

One species: India, Malaysia, Papua New Guinea, Thailand; long cultivated in tropical Asia; one species (introduced) in China.

20. Dioscorea esculenta (Loureiro) Burkill, Gard. Bull. Straits Settlem. 1: 396. 1917.

甘薯 gan shu

Tubers usually 4–10, produced from apical branches of rhizome; cork light yellow, smooth; thorny roots present or ab-sent. Stem twining to left, with T-shaped, soft hairs, proximally prickly, distally so only at nodes. Leaves alternate, simple; petiole 5–8 cm; leaf blade broadly cordate, to 15 × 17 cm, with T-shaped hairs especially abaxially, basal veins 9–13, base cor-date, apex acute. Male spike solitary, dense, ca. 15 cm. Male flowers: usually solitary, rarely in cymules of 2–4, sessile or subsessile; bract ovate; perianth shallowly cupular, puberulent, outer lobes broadly lanceolate, ca. 1.8 mm, inner ones slightly shorter than outer; stamens 6, inserted in perianth tube, slightly shorter than perianth lobes. Female spike solitary, pendent, to 40 cm. Capsule very seldom maturing, ca. 3 cm, base truncate, apex slightly emarginate; wings ca. 1.2 cm wide. Seeds inserted near middle of capsule, winged all round. Fl. early summer.

Cultivated. S Guangxi, Hainan, Taiwan [native to India, Malaysia, Papua New Guinea, and Thailand; long cultivated in tropical Asia].

Known to have been cultivated in S China for at least 1700 years. The thornless forms are probably selections from an original, thorny form.

1a. Plants without thorny roots ................... 20a. var. esculenta

1b. Plants with thorny roots protecting crown of rootstock ................................... 20a. var. spinosa

20a. Dioscorea esculenta var. esculenta

甘薯(原变种) gan shu (yuan bian zhong)

Oncus esculentus Loureiro, Fl. Cochinch. 1: 194. 1790; Dioscorea esculenta var. fasciculata (Roxburgh) R. Knuth; D. fasciculata Roxburgh.

Plants without thorny roots.

Cultivated. S Guangxi (Bobai Xian, Hepu Xian), Hainan (Ledong Xian) [probably native to Indo-China and S China, but long cultivated in tropical Asia].

20b. Dioscorea esculenta var. spinosa (Roxburgh ex Prain & Burkill) R. Knuth in Engler, Pflanzenr. 87(IV. 43): 189. 1924.

有刺甘薯 you ci gan shu

Dioscorea aculeata Linnaeus var. spinosa Roxburgh ex Prain & Burkill, J. Proc. Asiat. Soc. Bengal 10: 20. 1914.

Plants with thorny roots protecting crown of rootstock.

Cultivated. Hainan, Taiwan [native to India, Malaysia, Papua New Guinea, and Thailand].

Wu Zhengyi (editor’s note) believes that var. spinosa may be the wild form of this long-cultivated species.

4. Dioscorea sect. Shannicorea Prain & Burkill, J. Proc. Asiat. Soc. Bengal 10: 7. 1914.

顶生翅组 ding sheng chi zu

Rootstock of vertical, annual to biennial tubers. Stem twining to left, often pubescent. Bulblets absent. Leaves alternate, simple; leaf blade reniform to ovate, papery, margin entire. Male inflorescence a spikelike thyrse. Flowers in cymules, pedicellate; perianth campanulate, cupular, or saucer-shaped, lobes connate at base; stamens 6, inserted at base of perianth lobes or in throat of tube, an-thers dorsifixed, introrse. Female inflorescences solitary or 2 or more together. Capsule usually reflexed at maturity, longer than wide; wings often undulate. Seeds inserted near base of capsule; wing pointing toward capsule apex.

About eight species: Cambodia, China, Laos, Myanmar, Thailand, Vietnam; seven species (four endemic) in China.

1a. Leaf blade thinly papery; male flowers in sessile clusters, minutely papillose-puberulent; perianth saucer-shaped ....................................................................................................................................................... 21. D. tentaculigera

1b. Leaf blade papery; male flowers in stalked cymules, pubescent, sometimes glabrescent; perianth campanulate or cupular.

2a. Leaf blade as wide as or wider than long.

3a. Leaf blade glabrous or sparsely pubescent abaxially; capsule glabrous ....................................................... 24. D. subcalva

3b. Leaf blade densely softly hairy abaxially; capsule pubescent.

4a. Leaf blade reniform- or broadly cordate, apex shortly acuminate; infructescence 9–27 cm; capsule reflexed, wings obviously undulate ..................................................................................... 22. D. yunnanensis

4b. Leaf blade orbicular- or ovate-cordate, apex acuminate or caudate-acuminate; infructescence to only 3 cm, often shorter than mature capsules; capsule erect, wings entire to slightly undulate .......... 23. D. hemsleyi

2b. Leaf blade longer than wide.

5a. Plant sparsely pubescent .................................................................................................................................... 25. D. nitens

5b. Plant densely pubescent, especially on leaf blade abaxially and inflorescence axis.

6a. Leaf blade abaxially white pubescent; peduncle simple ............................................................................ 26. D. martini

6b. Leaf blade abaxially tawny pubescent; peduncle usually branched ....................................................... 27. D. velutipes

21. Dioscorea tentaculigera Prain & Burkill, J. Proc. Asiat. Soc. Bengal 10: 15. 1914.

卷须状薯蓣 juan xu zhuang shu yu

Tubers vertical, cylindric. Stem twining to left, glabrous. Leaves alternate, simple; petiole 3–6 cm; leaf blade ovate-cor-date, 6.5–10 × 5–9 cm, glabrous, smooth, veins sparsely and minutely puberulent abaxially, base cordate with rounded sinus, apex acute or acuminate, shortly pointed at tip. Male thyrse to 25 cm, densely and minutely hairy. Male flowers: in sessile, dense cymules of 3–6, sessile; bracts ovate, ca. 0.5 mm, apex acute; perianth saucer-shaped, ca. 0.35 mm, tube short, lobes in-curved, broadly ovate, ca. 0.75 mm; stamens 6, inserted in peri-anth tube, filaments equaling perianth tube, anthers small, in-trorse. Infructescence ca. 9 cm. Capsule reflexed, light brown, ellipsoid, to 1.6 cm, base rounded, apex slightly emarginate; wings to 0.6 cm wide. Seeds inserted near middle of capsule, winged all round. Fl. Jul–Sep.

Forests in mountain ravines; 1300–1500 m. SW Yunnan [Myan-mar, N Thailand].

22. Dioscorea yunnanensis Prain & Burkill, J. Asiat. Soc. Ben-gal, Pt. 2, Nat. Hist. 73: 186. 1904.

云南薯蓣 yun nan shu yu

Tubers vertical, cylindric; transverse section white. Stem twining to left, grayish woolly pubescent, glabrescent. Leaves alternate, simple; petiole 4–11 cm; leaf blade reniform to orbi-cular, 7–15 × 10–18 cm, adaxially glabrescent, abaxially dense-ly pubescent, basal veins 9, prominent, base shallowly to deeply cordate with narrow sinus, apex shortly acuminate. Male thyrse solitary, to at least 10 cm, grayish to tawny tomentose. Male flowers: in pedunculate, ± 1-sided, dense cymules of 3–5; perianth lobes ovate- or oblong-triangular, ca. 2 × 1 mm; sta-mens 6, inserted at base of perianth lobes, filaments nearly as long as anthers, anthers dorsifixed, introrse. Female spikes 9–27 cm. Capsule reflexed, oblong, 2.5–3 cm, densely pubescent, base cordate, apex emarginate; wings 0.8–2 cm wide, strongly undulate. Seeds inserted near base of capsule, sometimes only 1 fertile; wing pointing toward capsule apex. Fl. Jul–Aug, fr. Sep–Oct.

• Scrub forests, forest margins, mountain slopes; 1000–2800 m. Guizhou, Yunnan.

23. Dioscorea hemsleyi Prain & Burkill, J. Proc. Asiat. Soc. Bengal 4: 451. 1908.

粘山药 nian shan yao

Dioscorea mairei H. Léveillé (1913), not R. Knuth (1924); D. praecox Prain & Burkill.

Tubers vertical, cylindric, mucilaginous. Stem twining to left, white or light brown woolly, glabrescent. Leaves alternate, simple; petiole 3–6 cm; leaf blade broadly cordate to ovate, 4–8.5 × 5–10.5 cm, adaxially sparsely woolly, abaxially white woolly, ± glabrescent, basal veins 7 or 9(or 11), base shallowly cordate, apex acuminate or caudate-acuminate. Male inflores-cence not known with certainty, but apparently indistinguish-able from that of Dioscorea yunnanensis. Female spikes some-times produced with new leaves, to 3 cm; rachis often shorter than mature capsule. Female flower: bracts reddish brown dotted, lanceolate; perianth lobes ovate-triangular, ca. 1.2 mm; style 3-ribbed, base enlarged, stigma 3-fid, reflexed. Capsule erect, ovoid-oblong or oblong, 1.1–2 cm, densely pubescent; wings 0.8–1.3 cm wide, entire, rarely undulate. Seeds inserted near base of capsule; wing pointing toward capsule apex. Fl. Jul–Aug, fr. Sep–Oct.

Open scrub forests, mountain slopes; 1000–3000 m. Guangxi, Guizhou, Sichuan, Yunnan [Cambodia, Laos, Myanmar, Vietnam].

Dioscorea hemsleyi has an extremely distinctive, short infructes-cence, with the capsules ± erect and often longer than the rachis. It is otherwise very difficult to distinguish from D. yunnanensis, which is found in the same areas. It has not yet been possible to correlate any male material with the two species, and all male collections have been placed under D. yunnanensis in the present account. This problem will only be resolved by growing plants from seed of known origin.

24. Dioscorea subcalva Prain & Burkill, J. Proc. Asiat. Soc. Bengal 10: 18. 1914.

毛胶薯蓣mao jiao shu yu

Tubers vertical, cylindric; transverse section white; roots fibrous. Stem twining to left, woolly, glabrescent. Leaves alter-nate, simple; petiole 3–5(–8) cm; leaf blade orbicular- or ovate-cordate, 4.5–11 × 4–13.5 cm, adaxially glabrous, abaxially sparsely woolly, sparsely pubescent, or glabrous, basal veins 7 or 9, base cordate with narrow sinus, apex acuminate or cau-date. Male thyrses usually 2 or 3 together, 3–12 cm, sparsely pubescent or glabrous. Male flowers: in pedunculate cymules of 2–6; bract solitary, brown-red dotted, triangular-ovate or ovate, 1.5–2 mm, base clasping, apex acute; perianth lobes lanceolate, ca. 2.2 mm; stamens 6, filaments equaling or slightly longer than anthers, anthers dorsifixed, introrse. Female spikes 3–14 cm. Female flowers: bracts triangular-lanceolate, brown-red dotted, perianth lobes narrowly ovate or oblong, ca. 2 mm, apex slightly obtuse; style slightly enlarged basally, stigma 3-fid. Capsule reflexed or spreading, 1.5–3 cm, glabrous, smooth; wings 0.5–0.8 cm wide, sometimes slightly undulate. Seeds inserted near base of capsule; wing pointing toward capsule apex. Fl. Jul–Aug. fr. Sep–Oct.

• Scrub forests, forest margins, mountain valleys, slopes; 700–2600 m. Guangxi, Guizhou, Hunan, Sichuan, Yunnan.

1a. Leaf blade abaxially sparsely pubescent or glabrous; infructescence 3–8 cm ........... 24a. var. subcalva

1b. Leaf blade abaxially sparsely woolly; infructescence 8–14 cm ........................ 24b. var. submollis

24a. Dioscorea subcalva var. subcalva

毛胶薯蓣(原变种) mao jiao shu yu (yuan bian zhong)

Leaf blade abaxially sparsely pubescent or glabrous. In-fructescence 3–8 cm.

• Scrub forests, forest margins, mountain valleys, slopes; 700–2600 m. Guangxi, Guizhou, Hunan, Sichuan, Yunnan.

24b. Dioscorea subcalva var. submollis (R. Knuth) C. T. Ting & P. P. Ling in C. Pei & C. T. Ting, Fl. Reipubl. Popularis Sin. 16(1): 85. 1985.

略毛薯蓣 lue mao shu yu

Dioscorea submollis R. Knuth in Engler, Pflanzenr. 87(IV. 43): 318. 1924.

Leaf blade abaxially sparsely woolly. Infructescence 8–14 cm.

• Scrub forests, forest margins, mountain valleys, slopes; 1800–2500 m. Guizhou, Yunnan.

25. Dioscorea nitens Prain & Burkill, J. Proc. Asiat. Soc. Ben-gal 10: 18. 1914.

光亮薯蓣 guang liang shu yu

Tubers cylindric; transverse section white. Stem twining to left, sparsely pubescent or glabrous. Leaves alternate, simple; petiole 2–5.5 cm; leaf blade abaxially often drying pale gray, triangular-ovate to narrowly ovate, 6–13 × 3–10 cm, adaxially glabrous, abaxially sparsely pubescent, basal veins 7 or 9, base shallowly cordate with broad sinus, apex caudate-acuminate. Male thyrses solitary or 2–4 together, to 18 cm, pubescent. Male flowers: usually in cymules of 2–4; bracts ovate or lan-ceolate-ovate, apex acuminate; perianth sparsely brown dotted, abaxially sparsely pubescent, lobes lanceolate, ca. 1.5 mm; sta-mens 6, filaments longer than anthers, anthers dorsifixed, in-trorse. Female spikes 8–18 cm, sparsely pubescent. Female flowers: bracts ovate-lanceolate; perianth lobes narrowly ovate, ca. 1.5 mm, apex subacute; stigma 3-fid, reflexed. Capsule re-flexed, oblong-obovoid or narrowly obovoid, ca. 2 cm, glabres-cent, base cordate or rounded, apex emarginate; wings 0.5–0.8 cm wide, sometimes slightly undulate. Seeds inserted near base of capsule; wing pointing toward capsule apex. Fl. Jul–Sep, fr. Oct–Jan.

• Forests; 1100–2600 m. Yunnan.

26. Dioscorea martini Prain & Burkill, J. Proc. Asiat. Soc. Bengal 10: 18. 1914.

柔毛薯蓣 rou mao shu yu

Rootstock unknown. Stem twining to left, woolly. Leaves alternate, simple; petiole (2–)4–8 cm, hairy; leaf blade long cor-date, 6.5–12 × 5–6(–12) cm, adaxially glabrous, smooth, abax-ially hairy, basal veins 9 or 11, base deeply cordate with nar-rowly rounded sinus, apex acuminate or shortly caudate. Male thyrses often 2–4(or 5) together, 10–16(–20) cm, slender. Male flowers: in shortly pedunculate cymules of 2–5; bracts lanceo-late; perianth lobes sometimes reddish brown spotted, ovate-triangular, abaxially sparsely hairy; stamens 6, filaments longer than anthers, anthers dorsifixed, introrse. Female spikes 17–25.5 cm, hairy. Female flowers: bracts lanceolate, apex acumi-nate; perianth lobes deltoid-ovate, ca. 1.8 mm; style enlarged basally, stigma 3-fid. Capsule reflexed, oblong, 2–3 cm, gla-brous, base rounded, apex emarginate or truncate; wings 0.4–0.6 cm wide. Seeds inserted near base of capsule, wing pointing toward capsule apex. Fl. Jul–Aug, fr. Sep–Oct.

• Forest margins, valleys, river banks; 700–2400 m. Guizhou, Si-chuan, Yunnan.

A collection from SW Yunnan (Cangyuan Va Zu Zizhixian), similar to Dioscorea martini but with unusually large fruits, was des-cribed as D. nanlaensis H. Li (Fl. Yunnan. 3: 739. 1983). Its status is uncertain and further collections are needed.

27. Dioscorea velutipes Prain & Burkill, J. Proc. Asiat. Soc. Bengal 10: 19. 1914.

毡毛薯蓣 zhan mao shu yu

Rootstock unknown. Stem twining to left, densely tawny pubescent, ± glabrescent. Leaves alternate, simple; petiole (3–) 4–6(–10) cm; leaf blade triangular-cordate, 6–12 × 4–8 cm, adaxially glabrous, abaxially tawny pubescent, basal veins 7 or 9, outermost ones not reaching apex, base cordate with rounded sinus, apex acuminate. Male thyrses solitary or 2 or 3 together, to 13 cm, occasionally borne on specialized, short, axillary shoots, tawny pubescent. Male flowers: in dense cymules of 2–4(–6), rarely solitary; bracts reddish brown dotted, ovate or nar-rowly so, ca. 2 mm, apex acuminate or sharply so; perianth ± densely yellowish pubescent at base, lobes elliptic, 2–3 × 0.8–1 mm, very sparsely pubescent; stamens 6, filaments longer than anthers, anthers dorsifixed, introrse. Female spike solitary, to 20 cm. Female flowers: staminodes present, inserted on perianth lobes; style cylindric, stigma 3-fid. Capsule reflexed, oblong, 1.8–2.3 cm, glabrescent, base rounded, apex emarginate; wings 0.5–0.7 cm wide, slightly wider apically, usually slightly undul-ate. Seeds inserted near base of capsule, wing pointing toward capsule apex. Fl. Jul–Sep, fr. Sep–Oct.

Forests, mountain slopes; 500–2400 m. Guizhou, Yunnan [Myan-mar, N Thailand].

5. Dioscorea sect. Opsophyton Uline in Engler & Prantl, Nat. Pflanzenfam. 2(5): 84. 1897.

基生翅组 ji sheng chi zu

Rootstock of annual tubers; tubers solitary or paired, usually unstalked (in Asian species), poisonous (in wild species). Stem twining to left, glabrous, rarely hairy. Bulblets present. Leaves alternate, simple; leaf blade ± ovate, margin entire. Male inflores-cences of spikes or racemes clustered or in panicles. Flowers with perianth lobes free; stamens 6. Capsule reflexed at maturity, longer than wide. Seeds inserted near apex of capsule; wing pointing toward capsule base.

Five or six species: E hemisphere; one species in China.

28. Dioscorea bulbifera Linnaeus, Sp. Pl. 2: 1033. 1753.

黄独 huang du

Helmia bulbifera (Linnaeus) Kunth.

Tubers usually solitary, renewed annually, ovoid or pear-shaped, 4–10 cm thick; cork black; roots fibrous. Stem twining to left, glabrous, smooth. Bulblets purplish brown with orbicu-lar spots, globose or ovoid, variable in size, weight to 300 g. Leaves alternate, simple; petiole 2.5–5.5 cm; leaf blade broadly cordate, 8–15(–26) × 2–14(–26) cm, glabrous, margin entire or slightly undulate, apex caudate-acuminate. Male spikes usually clustered in leaf axils or along leafless, axillary shoots, droop-ing, sometimes branched. Male flowers: solitary, ± contiguous along rachis; bract and bracteole ovate; perianth purple, lobes lanceolate; stamens 6, inserted at base of perianth, filaments nearly as long as anthers. Female spikes often 2 or more toge-ther, similar to male ones, 20–30 cm. Female flowers: stami-nodes 6, ca. 1/4 as long as perianth lobes. Capsule reflexed or drooping, straw-colored, densely purplish dotted, oblong-glo-bose, 1.5–3 cm, glabrous, base and apex rounded; wings 0.25–0.7 cm wide. Seeds inserted near apex of capsule, dark brown; wing pointing toward capsule base, oblong, 1.2–1.6 × ca. 0.5 cm. Fl. Jul–Oct, fr. Aug–Nov.

Mixed forest margins, river banks, valley sides; near sea level to 2300 m. S Anhui, Fujian, S Gansu, Guangdong, Guangxi, Guizhou, Hainan, S Henan, Hubei, Hunan, S Jiangsu, Jiangxi, S Shaanxi, Sichuan, Taiwan, Xizang, Yunnan, Zhejiang [Bhutan, Cambodia, India, Japan, Korea, Myanmar, Thailand, Vietnam; Africa, Oceania].

Sterile, fresh material can easily be recognized by the pairs of dis-tinctive, blunt, fleshy stipules at the insertion of the petiole. These shri-vel on drying and are then easily missed. They should not be confused with the reduced but still sharp-tipped prickles found at the nodes of some other species. The name Dioscorea sativa Linnaeus has been in-correctly applied to Chinese plants of this species in the past.

Dioscorea bulbifera is used medicinally in China, but, unlike in Africa, it is not much used as a food plant.

6. Dioscorea sect. Botryosicyos (Hochstetter) Uline in Engler & Prantl, Nat. Pflanzenfam. 2(5): 84. 1897.

复叶组 fu ye zu

Botryosicyos Hochstetter, Flora 27(Bes. Beil. Bd. 1): 3. 1844.

Rootstock of perennial tubers irregular in shape. Stem twining to left. Bulblets present or absent. Leaves alternate, palmately 3–9-foliolate; leaflets ± orbicular to narrowly lanceolate, pinnately veined, margin entire; lateral leaflets similar to central one. Male in-florescences of spikes or racemes clustered or in panicles. Flowers solitary, pedicellate; bract and bracteole(s) borne on pedicel or at base of perianth, often forming an involucel around flower; perianth lobes connate at base; stamens usually 3, alternating with 3 sta-minodes. Female spike occasionaly branched. Capsule reflexed at maturity, longer than wide. Seeds inserted near apex of capsule; wing pointing toward capsule base.

About 30 species: Africa, Asia, Europe; nine species (four endemic) in China.

Prain and Burkill treated the members of this section within Dioscorea sect. Lasiophyton, but the differences in leaflet venation, male bracts, stamen number, and chemistry justify the resurrection of D. sect. Botryosicyos.

1a. Stem not prickly.

2a. Bulblets black at maturity, globose, glabrous, smooth; leaf blade glabrous or sparsely hairy along veins ............................................................................................................................................................. 29. D. melanophyma

2b. Bulblets not black at maturity, not globose, rough or with warty projections; leaf blade ± uniformly hairy.

3a. Stem hairs spreading; male flowers 2–3.5 × 2–3 mm; tubers ovoid, cork brown ................................. 30. D. kamoonensis

3b. Stem hairs appressed; male flowers 1–2 × ca. 1.5 mm; tubers cylindric, cork yellowish white ................... 31. D. delavayi

1b. Stem and/or petioles prickly, particularly toward base of plant.

4a. Capsule 1.8–2.5 cm; leaf blade abaxially sparsely hairy or glabrous.

5a. Capsule not black at maturity; leaflets 3, suborbicular to broadly obovate; tubers with 3–10 or more branches, each end enlarged into an ovoid or ellipsoid tuber ................................................................. 32. D. menglaensis

5b. Capsule black at maturity; leaflets 3–7, obovate to oblanceolate; tubers simple, long ovoid ................. 33. D. pentaphylla

4b. Capsule 3.5–7 cm; leaf blade abaxially hairy, sometimes densely so.

6a. Whole plant densely grayish white tomentose ............................................................................................. 34. D. esquirolii

6b. Whole plant white or brown pubescent.

7a. Leaflets ovate-elliptic, abaxially densely white pubescent ................................................................. 37. D. xizangensis

7b. Leaflets lanceolate, abaxially sparsely hairy, glabrescent.

8a. Leaflets leathery ........................................................................................................................... 35. D. scortechinii

8b. Leaflets ± herbaceous ....................................................................................................................... 36. D. cumingii

29. Dioscorea melanophyma Prain & Burkill, J. Proc. Asiat. Soc. Bengal 4: 452. 1908.

黑珠芽薯蓣 hei zhu ya shu yu

Dioscorea tenii R. Knuth.

Tubers ovoid or pear-shaped; roots slender, fibrous. Stem twining to left, glabrous. Bulblets present, black at maturity, 5–7 mm in diam., smooth. Leaves alternate, palmately 3- or 5(or 7)-foliolate, simple distally on stem; leaflets ovate-lanceolate to lanceolate or narrowly elliptic; middle leaflet larger than lateral

ones, 2.8–13 × 1–4 cm, glabrous or puberulent along veins, smooth, pinnately veined, margin entire or slightly undulate, apex acuminate. Male spike forming a panicle; axis puberulent. Male flowers: subsessile; bracts abaxially puberulent; perianth yellowish white, abaxially puberulent; stamens 3; staminodes 3. Female spikes solitary or paired. Capsule reflexed, ca. 1.5 cm, smooth, base and apex rounded; wings ca. 0.5 cm wide. Seeds inserted near apex of capsule; wing pointing toward capsule base, oblong. Fl. Aug–Oct, fr. Oct–Dec.

Open scrub forests, forest margins; 1300–2500 m. Guizhou, Si-chuan, E Xizang (Bomi Xian), Yunnan [Nepal].

30. Dioscorea kamoonensis Kunth, Enum. Pl. 5: 395. 1850.

毛芋头薯蓣 mao yu tou shu yu

Dioscorea bonatiana Prain & Burkill; D. dissecta R. Knuth; D. fargesii Franchet; D. firma R. Knuth; D. kamoonen-sis var. fargesii Prain & Burkill; D. kamoonensis var. straminea Prain & Burkill; D. mairei R. Knuth (1924), not H. Léveillé (1913); D. mengtzeana R. Knuth; D. subfusca R. Knuth.

Tubers usually subovoid; roots fibrous. Stem twining to left, brown puberulent when young, glabrescent. Bulblets pre-sent. Leaves alternate, palmately 3- or 5-foliolate; petiole 2–10 cm, very rarely softly prickly at base; leaflets paler abaxially than adaxially, obovate- or lanceolate-elliptic to elliptic, 2–14 × 1–5 cm, densely to sparsely puberulent, sometimes adax-ially glabrescent, pinnately veined, base attenuate into indis-tinct petiolule, margin entire, apex long acuminate; lateral leaf-lets slightly smaller than middle one, oblique. Male spikes or racemes solitary or 2 or 3(–8) together, rarely branched, dense, to 7 cm, rarely forming axillary panicles to 8 cm; axis pale yellow to reddish spreading pubescent; peduncle densely brown or light yellow puberulent. Male flowers: solitary; pedicel 0.5–1.5 mm; bract and bracteole similar, triangular-ovate, 2–3.5 mm, exceeding perianth and forming an involucel around it, densely brown or light yellow puberulent, apex long acuminate; perianth lobes 1.5–2.5 mm, densely brown or light yellow ap-pressed puberulent abaxially; stamens 3. Female spikes solitary or paired, rarely 3 together, to 24 cm. Capsule oblong to ob-long-oblanceolate, 1.5–2(–2.4) cm, puberulent; wings 0.5–0.6 (–0.75) cm wide. Seeds inserted near apex of capsule; wing pointing toward capsule base. Fl. Jul–Sep, fr. Sep–Nov.

Secondary scrub forests, forest margins, valleys; 500–2900 m. Fujian, Guangdong, Guangxi, Guizhou, Hubei, Hunan, Jiangxi, Sichuan, Xizang, Yunnan, S Zhejiang [Bhutan, Sikkim, Vietnam].

Precociously flowering material has been recognized as a distinct species, Dioscorea ochroleuca K. Y. Guan & D. F. Chamberlain (Edin-burgh J. Bot. 49: 85. 1992), but the present authors prefer to follow Prain and Burkill, who treated such material as an unusual growth form of D. kamoonensis. Material with deep red hairs was also recognized recently as a distinct species, D. brevifolia K. Y. Guan & D. F. Cham-berlain (loc. cit.: 46), but, again, we prefer to include it within the very variable D. kamoonensis, in which the indumentum color varies greatly. It should be noted that both names D. ochroleuca and D. brevifolia are invalid as they were based on the invalid names D. kamoonensis var. praecox Prain & Burkill and D. kamoonensis var. brevifolia Prain & Burkill, respectively, and thus lack validating diagnoses.

31. Dioscorea delavayi Franchet, Rev. Hort. 68: 541. 1896.

高山薯蓣 gao shan shu yu

Dioscorea burkillii R. Knuth; D. engleriana R. Knuth; D. henryi (Prain & Burkill) C. T. Ting; D. kamoonensis Kunth var. delavayi (Franchet) Prain & Burkill; D. kamoonensis var. engleriana (R. Knuth) Prain & Burkill; D. kamoonensis var. henryi Prain & Burkill; D. rotundifoliolata R. Knuth.

Tubers vertical, cylindric. Stem twining to left, appressed puberulent when young, glabrescent. Leaves alternate, palmate-ly 3- or 5-foliolate; leaflets obovate to narrowly elliptic, sparse-ly appressed puberulent, sometimes adaxially glabrescent; later-al leaflets usually obliquely ovate to obliquely ovate-elliptic, 2.5–16 × 1–10 cm, margin entire, apex acuminate or sharply so. Male spikes solitary or a few together, pendent, lax; rachis and pedicels puberulent. Male flowers: sessile; bracteoles sparsely puberulent or glabrescent; perianth lobes 1–2 × 1.5–2 mm, gla-brous abaxially; stamens 3, inserted at base of outer perianth lobes; staminodes 3, large. Female spikes solitary of 2 or 3 together; peduncle and bracteoles puberulent. Female flowers: perianth abaxially and ovary puberulent. Capsule obovoid-oblong or oblong, (1–)1.2–1.7(–2) cm, sparsely pubescent; wings 0.4–0.6 cm wide. Seeds inserted near apex of capsule; wing pointing toward capsule base. Fl. Jun–Sep, fr. Aug–Nov.

• Secondary scrub forests, forest margins; 2000–3000 m. N Guizhou, W Sichuan, Yunnan.

32. Dioscorea menglaensis H. Li, Fl. Yunnan. 3: 744. 1983.

石山薯蓣shi shan shu yu

Rhizome usually 3–10-branched, to 20 cm, each end en-larged into a globose or ellipsoid tuber ca. 5 cm in diam.; cork yellowish white; transverse section white. Stem twining to left, brown or white puberulent, glabrescent except at nodes, sparse-ly prickly. Leaves alternate, palmately 3-foliolate, simple dis-tally on stem; middle leaflet lanceolate or subelliptic, 7–20 × 3–11 cm, pinnately veined, veins white pubescent, base cuneate, margin entire, apex acuminate; lateral leaflets ovate-elliptic, base obliquely cuneate, apex acute. Male spike branched, to 20 cm. Male flowers: sessile or subsessile; bract and bracteole broadly triangular-ovate, margin white pubescent abaxially; stamens 3. Capsule straw-colored at maturity, long ellipsoid, 2–3 cm, base slightly cordate, apex rounded; wings ca. 0.8 cm wide. Seeds inserted near apex of capsule; wing pointing toward capsule base. Fl. Sep–Oct, fr. Dec–Feb.

• Evergreen broad-leaved forests, scrub forests; 900–1500 m. W Yunnan.

This species includes material misidentified as Dioscorea arach-idna Prain & Burkill in earlier accounts, including that in FRPS. True D. arachidna, though sharing the same distinctive rootstock, differs from D. menglaensis in its much narrower leaflets and lack of prickles, and much more closely resembles members of the D. kamoonensis complex.

33. Dioscorea pentaphylla Linnaeus, Sp. Pl. 2: 1032. 1753.

五叶薯蓣wu ye shu yu

Dioscorea changjiangensis F. W. Xing & Z. X. Li; D. codonopsidifolia Kamikoti.

Tubers irregular, usually long ovoid; transverse section white when fresh, becoming brown; roots fibrous. Stem twining to left, sparsely puberulent, glabrescent, prickly. Bulblets pre-sent. Leaves alternate, palmately 3–7-foliolate; petiole 5–11 cm, densely reddish brown pubescent; leaflets ovate to lanceolate, 6.5–24 × 1.5–9 cm, adaxially glabrous, abaxially appressed pubescent, sometimes glabrescent, pinnately veined, base atten-uate into a ± tomentose petiolule, margin entire, apex acute. Male spikes in axillary panicles to 50 cm, often with long, lateral branches; axis brown pubescent. Male flowers: sessile or subsessile; bract and bracteole reniform, forming an involucel around perianth, sparsely hairy, apex cuspidate; stamens 3. Female spikes simple or branched, brown puberulent. Female flowers: bracts, perianth, and ovary hairy. Capsule black at ma-turity, long ellipsoid, 2–2.5 cm, thinly leathery, sparsely hairy; wings 0.5–0.6 cm wide. Seeds inserted near apex of capsule; wing pointing toward capsule base. Fl. Aug–Oct, fr. Nov–Feb.

Scrub forests, forest margins; 500–1500 m. S Fujian, Guangdong, Guangxi, S Hunan, S Jiangxi, Taiwan, SE Xizang (Mêdog Xian), Yun-nan [Bangladesh, India, Indonesia, Japan (Okinawa), Laos, Malaysia, Myanmar, Nepal, New Guinea, Philippines, Vietnam; Africa, Australia, Pacific Islands].

Dioscorea pentaphylla is an extremely widespread and variable species, such that Prain and Burkill recognized a total of 16 varieties in their revision of Asian species of Dioscorea. Synonyms based on material from outside China are not listed here. Dioscorea changjiang-ensis was recently described from an apparently distinctive collection from Hainan, but, when this is considered within the total range of variation shown by the species, we believe that it has to be included within D. pentaphylla. Dioscorea codonopsidifolia, known only from the type collection from N Taiwan, is also included here for similar reasons. Most Chinese material has a reddish brown indumentum but this is not constant for the species throughout its range.

34. Dioscorea esquirolii Prain & Burkill, Bull. Misc. Inform. Kew 1931: 426. 1931.

七叶薯蓣 qi ye shu yu

Plants grayish whitetomentose throughout except leaf blade adaxially. Rootstock unknown. Stem twining to left, prickly. Leaves alternate, palmately 3- or 5(or 7)-foliolate; petiole to 15 cm, sometimes prickly; middle leaflet broadly oblanceolate or lanceolate-elliptic; 7–23×3–8.5 cm, adaxially glabrescent,abax-ially fawn tomentose, base cuneate into petiolule to 8 mm, mar-gin entire or undulate, apex caudate-acuminate; lateral leaflets ovate-elliptic to obliquely lanceolate. Male spikes to 2.5 cm, in axillary panicles to more than 40 cm with long, lateral branches, most parts densely pale brown tomentose. Male flowers: pedicel ca. 0.5 mm; outer perianth lobes triangular-ovate, inner ones suboblong; stamens 3, inserted at base of outer perianth lobes; staminodes 3. Female spikes up to 4 together, 20–50 cm. Capsule oblong-obovoid, 3.5–4(–5) cm; wings 1–1.5 cm wide. Seeds inserted near apex of capsule; wing pointing toward capsule base. Fl. Oct–Feb, fr. Dec–Apr.

• Forests, mountain slopes; 600–1500 m. C and W Guangxi, S Guizhou (Luodian Xian), NW and SE Yunnan (Funing Xian, Jianchuan Xian).

35. Dioscorea scortechinii Prain & Burkill var. parviflora Prain & Burkill, Bull. Misc. Inform. Kew 1936: 494. 1936.

小花刺薯蓣 xiao hua ci shu yu

Tubers branched; cork brown; transverse section light brown. Stem twining to left, brown (when young) hispidulous, sparsely prickly. Leaves alternate, palmately 3–7-foliolate; peti-ole sometimes softly prickly; middle leaflet lanceolate or long elliptic, 5–15(–25) × 2–5(–7.5) cm, leathery, hispidulous, mar-gin entire or undulate, apex caudate-acuminate; lateral leaflets obliquely long elliptic-ovate to obliquely lanceolate, smaller than middle leaflet. Inflorescence axis, peduncle, pedicels, and bracts of both sexes all densely hispidulous. Male inflorescence racemose. Male flowers: pedicel ca. 0.5 mm; bract and bracte-oles broadly ovate or long acuminate, forming an involucel around perianth; outer perianth lobes ovate, inner ones subob-long; stamens 3, inserted at base of outer perianth lobes; stami-nodes spatulate, longer than stamens. Female spikes simple. Capsule oblong, 3.5–5 cm, densely fawn woolly, hairs readily rubbed off, base truncate, apex subtruncate to rounded; wings 1–1.5 cm wide. Seeds inserted near apex of capsule;wing point-ing toward capsule base. Fl. Jun–Sep, fr. Oct–Jan.

Forests; 200–1300 m. Hainan, ?Yunnan [?Thailand, Vietnam].

The material from Yunnan and Thailand has not been seen by the present authors and may belong to Dioscorea scortechinii var. scor-techinii, which is recorded from Malaysia and differs mainly in its lar-ger flowers.

36. Dioscorea cumingii Prain & Burkill, J. Proc. Asiat. Soc. Bengal 4: 449. 1908.

吕宋薯蓣 lu song shu yu

Dioscorea cumingii var. inaequifolia (Elmer ex Prain & Burkill) Burkill; D. cumingii var. polyphylla (R. Knuth) Burkill; D. heptaphylla Sasaki; D. inaequifolia Elmer ex Prain & Burkill; D. polyphylla R. Knuth.

Rootstock unknown. Stem twining to left, minutely yellow puberulent, prickly. Leaves alternate, palmately (3 or)5- or 7(or 9)-foliolate; petiole 7–9 cm; middle leaflet lanceolate, 8–12.5 (–18) × 3–4.2 cm, ± herbaceous, puberulent, glabrescent except along veins, pinnately veined, base attenuate into indistinct peti-olule, margin entire, apex caudate-acuminate; lateral leaflets obliquely elliptic, 6.5–9 × 2.3–3.2 cm, usually ± 2-veined from near base. Male spikes to 1.5 cm, in axillary panicles to 50 cm with 2 levels of branching, most parts densely gray tomentose. Male flowers: solitary; pedicel to 0.6 mm; bract and bracteoles forming involucel around perianth, bract cordate, ca. 1.5 mm, longer than perianth, bracteoles ovate, equaling perianth, to-mentose, apex caudate; perianth drying dark, glabrescent, outer lobes oblong-ovate, to 2 mm, inner ones slightly smaller than outer; stamens 3; staminodes longer than stamens. Female spike solitary, 16–30 cm. Capsule oblong, 4–5 cm, puberulent when young, glabrescent, base cuneate, apex rounded; wings 0.9–1.3 cm wide. Seeds inserted near apex of capsule; wing pointing to-ward capsule base, ca. 0.9 × 0.5 cm. Fl. Apr, fr. Aug–Feb.

Taiwan (Lan Yu opposite SE coast), ?Yunnan [Indonesia, Philip-pines].

No material from Yunnan has been seen by the present authors, and the record from there requires confirmation, especially because

there are no other records from the Asian mainland.

37. Dioscorea xizangensis C. T. Ting in C. T. Ting & M. C. Chang, Acta Phytotax. Sin. 20: 205. 1982.

藏刺薯蓣 zang ci shu yu

Rootstock unknown. Stem twining to left, terete, brown hairy, sparsely prickly. Leaves alternate; palmately 5-foliolate; petiole 12–17 cm, grooved; middle leaflet elliptic, ca. 20 × 10 cm, adaxially glabrescent, abaxially long white pubescent, base narrowly cuneate into hairy petiolule 1–2 cm, margin entire, apex shortly acuminate, subcuspidate; lateral leaflets obliquely ovate-elliptic, smaller than middle one. Male inflorescence not seen. Female spikes sometimes branched, 7–25(–35) cm. Capsule brown or black at maturity, oblong, 4–6 cm, sparsely brown or white pilose, base slightly cordate or truncate, apex truncate; wings 1–1.2 cm wide. Seeds inserted near apex of capsule; wing pointing toward capsule base. Fr. Sep–Oct.

• Broad-leaved forests, mountain slopes; ca. 1200 m. SE Xizang (Mêdog Xian).

7. Dioscorea sect. Lasiophyton Uline in Engler & Prantl, Nat. Pflanzenfam. 2(5): 84. 1897.

白薯莨组 bai shu liang zu

Rootstock of perennial tubers variable in shape. Stem twining to left. Bulblets present or absent. Leaves alternate, palmately 3-foliolate; leaflets ± ovate, palmately veined, margin entire; lateral leaflets oblique. Male inflorescences of spikes or racemes arranged in panicles. Flowers solitary; bract and bracteole(s) borne on or at base of pedicel; perianth lobes connate at base; stamens 6, all fertile. Capsule reflexed, longer than wide. Seeds inserted near apex of capsule; wing pointing toward capsule base.

About five species: mainly in Africa, also in Asia and Europe; one species in China.

Most members of this section in the sense of Prain and Burkill have been transferred to Dioscorea sect. Botryosicyos. The remaining species, D. hispida, is the only Chinese Dioscorea to produce alkaloids.

38. Dioscorea hispida Dennstedt, Schluss. Hort. Malab. 15, 33. 1818.

白薯莨 bai shu liang

Dioscorea daemona Roxburgh; D. hispida var. daemona (Roxburgh) Prain & Burkill; D. mollissima Blume.

Tubers brown, ovoid or irregularly shaped, variable in size, poisonous; transverse section white. Stem twining to left, to 30 cm, terete, stout, pubescent when young, glabrescent, prickly. Leaves alternate, palmately 3-foliolate; petiole to 30 cm, hairy; middle leaflet ± ovate to elliptic, 6–12(–17.5) × 4–12 cm, adaxially sparsely hispid, glabrescent, abaxially hispid, palmately veined, apex acuminate; lateral leaflets ovate-ellip-tic or nearly broadly oblong, oblique, smaller than middle leaf-let, margin entire. Male spikes in axillary panicles to 50 cm with 2 levels of branching, most parts densely tomentose. Male flowers: in dense clusters; perianth ca. 1 mm, outer lobes small-er and thinner than inner ones; stamens 6. Female spike solitary, to 40 cm. Capsule long ellipsoid, 3.5–7 cm, leathery, densely pubescent; wings 1.2–1.5 cm wide. Seeds inserted near apex of capsule; wing pointing toward capsule base. Fl. Apr–May, fr. Jul–Sep.

Scrub forests, forest margins; near sea level to 1500 m. Fujian, Guangdong, Guangxi, E Xizang (Bomi Xian, Qamdo Xian), Yunnan [Bhutan, India, Indonesia, Sikkim, Thailand].

8. Dioscorea sect. Enantiophyllum Uline in Engler & Prantl, Nat. Pflanzenfam. 2(5): 87. 1897.

周生翅组 zhou sheng chi zu

Rootstock of vertical, usually annual tubers (renewed each year). Stem twining to right. Bulblets present or absent. Leaves op-posite or alternate, simple; leaf blade broadly ovate to narrowly oblong, margin entire. Male inflorescences spikes, solitary or clus-tered, or grouped into axillary or terminal panicles. Flowers solitary, sessile; perianth lobes free, incurved; stamens 6, rarely 3 re-duced to staminodes, anthers introrse. Female spike sometimes branched. Capsule not reflexed at maturity, usually wider than long. Seeds inserted near middle of capsule, winged all round.

About 120 species or more: mainly in tropical Africa and Asia, none common to both continents; 14 species (five endemic, one introduced) in China.

1a. Stem narrowly winged, wings usually 4, sometimes more basally .................................................................................. 51. D. alata

1b. Stem terete or with 4–8 low, longitudinal ridges.

2a. Stem hairy when young; leaf blade sparsely hairy, apex caudate and hardened, ± sharply pointed ................. 52. D. decipiens

2b. Stem glabrous; leaf blade glabrous, apex not hardened.

3a. Leaf blade with sides concave due to enlargement of basal lobes, sometimes ± 3-lobed.

4a. Leaf blade often drying gray-green, often distinctly 3-lobed, less than 3 × as long as wide, ± papery; male inflorescences pendent, rachis clearly zigzagged ........................................................ 41. D. polystachya

4b. Leaf blade drying brownish, often sagittate or hastate, sometimes more than 3 × as long as wide, often membranous; male inflorescences ± erect, rachis straight.

5a. Leaf blade broadly ovate to linear, not pruinose abaxially, reticulate veins not very prominent ... 42. D. japonica

5b. Leaf blade lanceolate to linear, pruinose abaxially when fresh, reticulate veins slender but prominent ................................................................................................................................ 43. D. linearicordata

3b. Leaf blade with convex sides, basal lobes not enlarged.

6a. Plants with fruits.

7a. Capsule obovoid, oblong-obovoid, or ellipsoid, longer than wide; leaf blade suborbicular or ovate.

8a. Capsule obovoid or oblong-obovoid, apex concave; leaf blade orbicular .................................. 39. D. aspersa

8b. Capsule ellipsoid, apex rounded; leaf blade suborbicular to ovate .............................................. 40. D. bicolor

7b. Capsule oblate or conical-globose, wider than long.

9a. Leaf blade ovate-lanceolate or oblong to linear, 0.7–3(–4) cm wide, abaxially greenish white or pruinose.

10a. Stem often prickly basally; leaf blade leathery, usually with prominent, closely spaced, reticulate veins; capsule 1.8–3.5 cm, wings 1.2–2.7 cm wide; tuber transverse section drying purplish red ............................................................................................................. 45. D. cirrhosa

10b. Stem not prickly; leaf blade thinly papery; capsule 1.5–2 cm, wings 1–1.5 cm wide; tuber transverse section drying pale.

11a. Leaf blade lanceolate to linear, 5–15 cm, base sagittate to cordate ............... 43. D. linearicordata

11b. Leaf blade oblong or obovate-oblong to ovate-lanceolate, 2–7(–9) cm, base rounded .................................................................................................................. 44. D. benthamii

9b. Leaf blade not shaped as above except sometimes distally on stem, (1–)3–22 cm wide; if leaf blade shaped similarly to above then abaxially neither greenish white nor pruinose.

12a. Stem often 4–8-ridged; stem, petioles, and main leaf veins often drying reddish brown abaxially, leaf veins sometimes with longitudinal, whitish zone adaxially ................... 49. D. persimilis

12b. Stem terete; stem, petioles, and main leaf veins drying greenish or whitish abaxially, leaf veins without whitish zone adaxially.

13a. Tuber cork deciduous; leaf blade drying blackish, usually ovate or long elliptic-ovate to lanceolate, base cordate to truncate or rounded, rarely sagittate or hastate ........... 47. D. glabra

13b. Tuber cork persistent.

14a. Leaf blade usually elliptic-ovate to broadly lanceolate, 1.5–8(–13) cm wide ... 48. D. fordii

14b. Leaf blade orbicular to ovate or narrowly elliptic-ovate, 4–22 cm wide.

15a. Leaf blade orbicular to broadly ovate, base cordate to deeply so with narrow sinus, basal lobes rounded ........................................................ 46. D. wallichii

15b. Leaf blade ovate to narrowly elliptic-ovate, base sagittate or hastate to shallowly cordate, basal lobes bluntly angular ........................................ 50. D. exalata

6b. Plants with male flowers.

16a. Male spikes in axils of normal leaves, sometimes leaves progressively reduced to bracts distally on stem to form a terminal panicle.

17a. Male inflorescence axis distinctly zigzagged; leaf blade base rounded, apex usually with distinct, darker acumen; inflorescence spreading .............................................................. 44. D. benthamii

17b. Male inflorescence axis straight or nearly so; leaf blade base sagittate or hastate to cordate (sometimes subtruncate or rounded and then inflorescence often ± erect), apex without distinct acumen.

18a. Leaf blade lanceolate to linear, more than 4 × as long as wide, abaxially pruinose ............................................................................................................... 43. D. linearicordata

18b. Leaf blade orbicular or oblong to ovate-lanceolate, less than 3 × as long as wide, abaxially not pruinose.

19a. Male flowers cuneate at base; buds ellipsoid; leaf blade drying dark brown, orbicular ................................................................................................... 39. D. aspersa

19b. Male flowers truncate at base, pressed to inflorescence axis; buds ± cylindric or conical; leaf blade drying yellowish green to light brown, suborbicular to lanceolate.

20a. Flower buds conical; leaf blade suborbicular to broadly ovate .................. 40. D. bicolor

20b. Flower buds ± cylindric; leaf blade broadly ovate basally on stem, usually triangular-lanceolate to linear distally on stem ............................ 42. D. japonica

16b. Male spikes in specialized, lateral panicles, with bracts sharply differentiated from normal leaves.

21a. Male inflorescence axis distinctly zigzagged; basal lobes of leaf blade often distinctly angular.

22a. Leaf blade veins often drying whitish adaxially, tinged reddish abaxially .............. 49. D. persimilis

22b. Leaf blade veins not drying whitish adaxially, pale abaxially.

23a. Inner perianth lobes obovate ................................................................................... 48. D. fordii

23b. Inner perianth lobes spatulate ............................................................................... 50. D. exalata

21b. Male inflorescence axis straight.

24a. Leaf blade greenish white abaxially when fresh, sometimes drying brown, base

always rounded; tuber flesh drying purple-red, bark persistent .................................. 45. D. cirrhosa

24b. Leaf blade only slightly paler abaxially than adaxially, base rounded (when tuber bark deciduous) to sagittate or hastate; tuber flesh never purple-red.

25a. Tuber bark deciduous; leaf base cordate to truncate or rounded, rarely sagittate or hastate; stem prickly basally .............................................................................. 47. D. glabra

25b. Tuber bark persistent; leaf base sagittate or hastate to cordate; stem not prickly ................................................................................................................. 46. D. wallichii

39. Dioscorea aspersa Prain & Burkill, J. Proc. Asiat. Soc. Bengal 4: 447. 1908.

丽叶薯蓣 li ye shu yu

Dioscorea pulverea Prain & Burkill.

Tubers cylindric; transverse section white. Stem twining to right, glabrous. Leaves opposite basally on stem, alternate dis-tally on stem, simple; petiole 3.5–18 cm; leaf blade drying dark brown, suborbicular, 6–16 × 5–16 cm, papery, glabrous, basal veins 7 or 9, base cordate to deeply so, margin entire, apex acute to caudate. Male spikes solitary or 2 or 3 together, 5–14 cm; rachis straight. Male flowers: perianth white, greenish white, or yellow, 2–3 mm, outer lobes broadly ovate, fleshy, inner ones smaller than outer; stamens 6, anthers nearly as long as filaments. Female spike solitary. Female flowers: perianth lobes ovate. Capsule not reflexed, obovoid or long obovoid, 2.5–3.5 cm, pruinose, base usually oblique, apex emarginate; wings 1–1.5 cm wide. Seeds inserted near middle of capsule, winged all round. Fl. Jun–Jul, fr. Jul–Nov.

• Forests, mountain slopes; 1600–2100 m. W Guizhou, E Yunnan.

40. Dioscorea bicolor Prain & Burkill, J. Proc. Asiat. Soc. Bengal 4: 449. 1908.

尖头果薯蓣 jian tou guo shu yu

Rootstock unknown. Stem twining to right, slender, gla-brous. Leaves opposite or alternate, simple; petiole 4–9 cm; leaf blade orbicular or ovate, 4–13 × 3.5–11 cm, glabrous, basal veins 7 or 9, base cordate to broadly so, margin entire, apex acute to acuminate. Male spikes solitary or 2 or 3 together, 4–12 cm; rachis straight. Male flowers: outer perianth lobes pur-plish brown dotted, orbicular, ca. 2 mm, apex obtuse, inner ones obovate-orbicular, smaller than outer; stamens 6, anthers nearly as long as filaments. Female spike solitary. Female flowers: outer perianth lobes ovate; staminodes small. Capsule not re-flexed, ellipsoid, ca. 2.5 cm, apex not emarginate; wings ca. 0.8 cm wide. Seeds inserted near middle of capsule, winged all round. Fl. Aug–Sep, fr. Aug–Oct.

• Herb communities, mountain valleys; 1600–2100 m. SW Si-chuan, N Yunnan.

41. Dioscorea polystachya Turczaninow, Bull. Soc. Imp. Natu-ralistes Moscou 10(7): 158. 1837.

薯蓣 shu yu

Dioscorea batatas Decaisne; D. decaisneana Carrière; D. doryphora Hance; D. potaninii Prain & Burkill; D. rosthornii Diels; D. swinhoei Rolfe.

Tubers vertical, cylindric, to 1 m; transverse section white. Stem twining to right, often purplish red, glabrous. Bulblets present in leaf axils. Leaves alternate basally on stem, mostly opposite distally on stem, rarely in whorls of 3, simple; petiole 2–3 cm; leaf blade often drying grayish or greenish, ovate-tri-angular to sagittate, usually 3-lobed, relatively wide and ± en-tire on juvenile leaves, 3–7(–16) × 2–7(–14) cm, papery to thin-ly leathery, glabrous, basal veins 5 plus 1 or 2 pairs restricted to basal lobes, base shallowly (rarely to deeply) cordate to sub-truncate, apex acuminate; lateral lobes auriculate, subrectang-ular to oblong, rounded. Male spikes 2–8 together, erect, 2–8 cm, rarely paniculate; rachis obviously zigzagged. Male flowers: sessile; bracts triangular-ovate, ca. 1 mm; perianth yellow with purplish brown dots, outer lobes broadly ovate, 1.3–2 × 0.8–1.2 mm, concave, inner ones ovate, smaller than outer; stamens 6. Female spikes solitary or 2 or 3 together. Capsule not reflexed, oblate or globose, (1.2–)1.7–2 cm, pruinose; wings 0.7–1.5 cm wide. Seeds inserted near middle of capsule, winged all round. Fl. Jun–Sep, fr. Jul–Nov.

Forests, scrub forests, herb communities, mountain slopes, along rivers, roadsides, also commonly cultivated; 100–2500 m. Anhui (S of Huai He), Fujian, E Gansu, N Guangdong, Guangxi, Guizhou, Hebei, Henan, Hubei, Hunan, Jiangsu, Jiangxi, Jilin, Liaoning, S Shaanxi, Shandong, Sichuan, Taiwan, N Yunnan, Zhejiang [Japan, Korea].

The name Dioscorea opposita Thunberg (Fl. Jap. 151. 1784) has been widely used in the sense of D. polystachya, which is an earlier name for D. batatas. It was based on a misidentification of Japanese material as the strictly Indian species D. oppositifolia Linnaeus, which was cited as a synonym in the protologue, thus rendering D. opposita nomenclaturally superfluous and an illegitimate name.

An important food crop.

42. Dioscorea japonica Thunberg in Murray, Syst. Veg., ed. 14, 889. 1784.

日本薯蓣 ri ben shu yu

Tubers vertical, long cylindric, to 3 cm in diam.; cork yellowish brown; transverse section white or yellowish white. Stem twining to right, green, sometimes light purplish red. Bulblets often present. Leaves alternate basally on stem, oppo-site distally on stem, simple; petiole 1.5–4(–6) cm; leaf blade drying yellowish green to light brownish, broadly ovate basally on stem, usually triangular-lanceolate to linear distally on stem, 3–12(–19) × 1–6(–18) cm, membranous or papery, glabrous, basal veins 5–9, base sagittate or hastate to cordate or ± truncate, margin entire, apex acute to long acuminate. Male spikes 3–5 together, rarely solitary, ± erect or ascending, 2–8 cm; rachis straight, occasionally slightly zigzagged at apex. Male flowers: perianth greenish white or light yellow, lobes purple spotted, ovate or ovate-elliptic, to 2 × 1.5 mm, inner ones smaller than outer; stamens 6. Female spikes solitary or 2 or 3 together, 6–20 cm. Female flowers: staminodes 6. Capsule not reflexed,

pale brown with darker, linear freckles, oblate, 1.5–2(–2.5) cm, base truncate, apex emarginate; wings 0.7–1.5(–2) cm wide, margin dark. Seeds inserted near middle of capsule, D-shaped, ca. 1.9 cm (ca. 0.7 cm excluding wing), winged all round. Fl. May–Oct, fr. Jul–Nov.

Mixed forests and margins, scrub forests, herb communities, mountain slopes, valleys, along rivers and streams, roadsides; 100–1200 m. Anhui, Fujian, Guangdong, Guangxi, E and S Guizhou, Hu-bei, Hunan, Jiangsu, Jiangxi, Sichuan, Taiwan, Zhejiang [Japan, Korea].

1a. Stem, petiole, leaf blade veins abaxially, and base of female peduncle minutely puberulent when young .............................................. 42c. var. pilifera

1b. Plants glabrous throughout.

2a. Leaf blade triangular-lanceolate or lanceolate to long elliptic, (1–)2–5(–18) cm wide ................... 42a. var. japonica

2b. Leaf blade lanceolate to linear, 0.7–1.5(–3) cm wide ...................... 42b. var. oldhamii

42a. Dioscorea japonica var. japonica

日本薯蓣(原变种) ri ben shu yu (yuan bian zhong)

Dioscorea belophylloides Prain & Burkill; D. japonica var. pseudojaponica (Hayata) Yamamoto; D. japonica var. ten-uiaxon Prain & Burkill; D. kiangsiensis R. Knuth; D. pseudo-japonica Hayata.

Plants glabrous throughout. Petiole 2–4(–6) cm; leaf blade triangular-lanceolate or lanceolate to long elliptic, 3–11(–19) × (1–)2–5(–18) cm, membranous, basal veins 5–9, base sagittate or hastate to cordate, apex acuminate.

Mixed forests, herb communities, mountain slopes, valleys, along streams, roadsides; 100–1200 m. Anhui (S of Huai He), Fujian, Guang-dong, Guangxi, S Guizhou, Hubei, Hunan, Jiangsu, Jiangxi, Sichuan, Taiwan, Zhejiang [Japan, Korea].

42b. Dioscorea japonica var. oldhamii Uline ex R. Knuth in Engler, Pflanzenr. 87(IV. 43): 263. 1924.

细叶日本薯蓣xi ye ri ben shu yu

Plants glabrous throughout. Bulblets apparently not form-ed. Petiole 1.5–3 cm; leaf blade lanceolate to linear, 6–12 × 0.7–1.5(–3) cm, membranous, basal veins 7, base hastate to cor-date or subtruncate, apex acute. Fl. Jun, fr. Sep.

• Scrub forests, mountain valleys, along rivers, roadsides. Guang-dong, Guangxi, Taiwan.

42c. Dioscorea japonica var. pilifera C. T. Ting & M. C. Chang, Acta Phytotax. Sin. 20: 206. 1982.

毛藤日本薯蓣mao teng ri ben shu yu

Stem, petiole, leaf blade veins abaxially, and base of fe-male peduncle minutely puberulent when young. Fl. Aug–Sep.

• Scrub forests, mixed forest margins, mountain slopes, valleys, along streams, roadsides; 300–1100 m. S Anhui, Fujian, NE Guangxi, E Guizhou, Hubei, Hunan, Jiangsu, Jiangxi, Zhejiang.

43. Dioscorea linearicordata Prain & Burkill, Bull. Misc. In-form. Kew 1925: 61. 1925.

柳叶薯蓣 liu ye shu yu

Tubers vertical, cylindric; cork yellowish brown; trans-verse section white. Stem twining to right, slender, glabrous. Bulblets present. Leaves alternate basally on stem, opposite dis-tally on stem, simple; leaf blade lanceolate to linear, 5–15 × 0.8–2.5 cm, papery, abaxially pruinose, glabrous, basal veins 5 or 7, base sagittate or slightly cordate to rounded, margin en-tire, apex acuminate. Male spikes solitary or a few together, 2–5 cm; rachis straight or slightly zigzagged. Male flowers: outer perianth lobes broadly ovate, ca. 1 mm, inner ones obovate, smaller than outer. Female flowers: staminodes present. Cap-sule sometimes initially reflexed but later not, pale brown, dark speckled, oblate, 1.5–2 cm, base truncate, apex emarginate; wings 1–1.5 cm wide. Seeds inserted near middle of capsule, winged all round. Fl. Jun, fr. Jul.

• Open forests, scrub forests, mountain slopes; 400–800 m. Guangdong, E Guangxi, Hunan.

44. Dioscorea benthamii Prain & Burkill, J. Proc. Asiat. Soc. Bengal 4: 448. 1908.

大青薯 da qing shu

Dioscorea tarokoensis Hayata.

Rootstock unknown. Stem twining to right, slender, gla-brous. Leaves usually opposite, simple; petiole 0.5–2 cm; leaf blade abaxially whitish, obovate-oblong or oblong to ovate-lan-ceolate, wider in juvenile leaves, 2–7(–9) × 0.7–4 cm, papery, glabrous, basal veins 3 or 5(or 7), base rounded, margin entire, apex acute to acuminate, usually appearing rather withered. Male spikes solitary or 2 or 3 together, 2–3 cm, or in short, axillary panicles; rachis obviously zigzagged. Male flowers: sessile; bracts purplish brown dotted, triangular-ovate, apex long acuminate; perianth lobes purplish brown dotted, outer ones orbicular or broadly ovate; stamens 6. Female spikes us-ually solitary or paired, 3–10 cm. Female flowers: bracts ovate, apex acuminate; outer perianth lobes broadly ovate; stami-nodes 6. Capsule not reflexed, oblate, ca. 1.5 cm, glabrous; wings 1.2(–1.5) cm wide. Seeds inserted near middle of capsule, winged all round. Fl. May–Jun, fr. Jul–Sep.

• Scrub forests, mountain slopes, valleys, along rivers, roadsides; 300–900 m. W Fujian, Guangdong, Guangxi, Taiwan.

45. Dioscorea cirrhosa Loureiro, Fl. Cochinch. 2: 625. 1790.

薯莨 shu liang

Tubers globose, ovoid, gourd-shaped, oblong, or cylindric; cork dark brown; transverse section light brown or red, drying purplish black. Stem twining to right, branched, green, to 20 m, glabrous, prickly at base. Leaves alternate basally on stem, op-posite distally on stem, simple; petiole 2–6 cm; leaf blade adaxially dark green, abaxially whitish, ovate to linear, 5–20 × 0.6–14 cm, leathery or subleathery, glabrous, basal veins 3 or 5, reticulate veins prominent, base rounded, sometimes triangular lobed, margin entire, apex acute or acuminate. Male spikes 2–10 cm, in axillary panicles 2–14 cm or longer; rachis straight. Male flowers: outer perianth lobes ovate or broadly so, ca. 2 mm, inner ones obovate; stamens 6, slightly shorter than peri-anth lobes. Female spike solitary, to 12 cm. Capsule not reflex-

ed, oblate, 1.8–3.5 cm, base emarginate, attenuate into pedicel ca. 7 mm, apex emarginate; wings 1.2–2.7 cm wide. Seeds in-serted near middle of capsule, 1.8–2.4 cm in diam. (ca. 0.6 cm excluding wing), winged all round, Fl. Apr–Jun, fr. Jul–Jan.

Mixed forests, broad-leaved forests, scrub forests,mountain slopes, valleys, along rivers, roadsides; near sea level to 1500 m. Fujian, Guangdong, Guangxi, Guizhou, Hainan, Hunan, S Jiangxi, S and W Sichuan, Taiwan, SE Xizang, Yunnan, S Zhejiang [Thailand, Viet-nam].

The tubers have a very high tannin content and are used to dye and preserve fabrics.

1a. Tubers usually globose, ovoid, gourd-shaped, or oblong, to 20 cm in diam., transverse section red, drying purplish black; leaf blade ovate to elliptic-lanceolate or narrowly lanceolate, (1–)2–14 cm wide ........................................................ 45a. var. cirrhosa

1b. Tubers cylindric, transverse section light brown; leaf blade broadly lanceolate to oblong-lanceolate or linear, 0.6–4 cm wide ...................... 45b. var. cylindrica

45a. Dioscorea cirrhosa var. cirrhosa

薯莨(原变种) shu liang (yuan bian zhong)

Dioscorea angusta R. Knuth; ?D. formosana R. Knuth; D. matsudae Hayata; D. rhipogonoides Oliver (1889), not Hayata (1906).

Tubers usually globose, ovoid, gourd-shaped, or oblong, to 20 cm in diam.; transverse section red, drying purplish black. Leaf blade ovate to elliptic-lanceolate or narrowly lanceolate, 5–20 × (1–)2–14 cm.

Mixed forests, broad-leaved forests, scrub forests,mountain slopes, along rivers, roadsides; 300–1500 m. Fujian, Guangdong, Guangxi, Guizhou, Hainan, Hunan, S Jiangxi, S and W Sichuan, Taiwan, SE Xi-zang (Mêdog Xian), Yunnan, S Zhejiang [Thailand, Vietnam].

Material from Taiwan is somewhat distinct in that most coll-ections tend to dry greenish and the leaf blade has less prominent ter-tiary venation. They have been regarded as a distinct species, Dioscorea matsudae, but there is no clear-cut distinction between this and typical D. cirrhosa var. cirrhosa, and so the former has been treated as a synonym of the latter. The affinities of D. formosana are not clear. The type collections (B, destroyed) were originally identified as a variety of D. rhipogonoides (var. aculeata Uline, nom. nud.), which is a synonym of D. cirrhosa var. cirrhosa. Prain and Burkill examined this material and noted that it was too poor to name though probably not D. cirrhosa. The protologue described a prominently prickly stem, a feature relatively unusual in D. sect. Enantiophyllum, so it is possible that at least part of the material might have belonged elsewhere.

45b. Dioscorea cirrhosa var. cylindrica C. T. Ting & M. C. Chang, Acta Phytotax. Sin. 20: 206. 1982.

异块茎薯莨 yi kuai jing shu liang

Tubers cylindric; transverse section light brown.Leaf blade broadly lanceolate to oblong-lanceolate or linear, 5–14 × 0.6–4 cm.

• Forests, open scrub forests, mountain slopes, valleys; near sea level to 500 m. Hainan.

46. Dioscorea wallichii J. D. Hooker, Fl. Brit. India 6: 295. 1892.

盈江薯蓣 ying jiang shu yu

Tubers palmately branched, cylindric. Stemtwining to right, stout, glabrous. Leaves opposite or alternate, simple; petiole 4–12 cm; leaf blade orbicular or ovate, 6–18 × 6–22 cm, glabrous, basal veins 7–11, base cordate to deeply so with narrow sinus and basal lobes rounded, margin entire, apex acute or shortly acuminate. Male spike 2–5 cm, in delicate, axillary panicles 4–10 cm; rachis straight. Male flowers: bracts triangular-ovate; perianth purplish red dotted, outer lobes elliptic-ovate, inner ones broadly obovate; stamens 6; staminodes large, subglobose. Female spikes simple or branched. Female flowers: perianth lobes fleshy, outer ones ovate, inner ones broadly ovate. Cap-sule (immature) not reflexed, drying blackish, oblate, 2–2.7 cm, glabrous, base truncate, apex emarginate to truncate; wings 1.7–2 cm wide. Seeds inserted near middle of capsule, winged all round. Fl. Dec.

Forests, mountain slopes; 900–1300 m. W Yunnan (Yingjiang Xian) [Bangladesh, India, Malaysia, Myanmar, Thailand].

47. Dioscorea glabraRoxburgh, Fl. Ind., ed. 1832, 3:804. 1832.

光叶薯蓣 guang ye shu yu

Dioscorea glabra var. longifolia Prain & Burkill; D. hong-kongense Uline ex R. Knuth; D. nummularia Roxburgh (1832), not Lamarck (1789).

Tubers cylindric, developed from short, thick rhizome; cork deciduous; transverse section white, drying light yellow. Stem twining to right, glabrous, prickly at base. Leaves alter-nate basally on stem,opposite distally on stem, simple;leaf blade drying blackish, usually ovate or long elliptic-ovate to lanceo-late, 5–17(–24) × 0.5–10(–13) cm, glabrous, basal veins 5–9, base cordate to truncate or rounded, rarely sagittate or hastate, apex acuminate or caudate. Male spikes solitary or 2–4 to-gether, 1–2.5 cm, usually in narrow, axillary panicles to 14 cm; rachis straight. Male flowers: outer perianth lobes orbicular, ca. 1 mm, inner ones obovate, smaller but thicker than outer; sta-mens 6, inflexed. Female spikes solitary or paired, to 25 cm. Capsule not reflexed, oblate, 1.5–2.5 cm; wings 1.2–2.2 cm wide. Seeds inserted near middle of capsule, winged all round. Fl. Sep–Dec, fr. Dec–Jan.

Evergreen broad-leaved forests, scrub forests, mountain slopes, valley sides, roadsides; 200–1500 m. W Guangxi, S Yunnan [Bhutan, Cambodia, India, Indonesia, Laos, Malaysia, Myanmar, Thailand, Viet-nam].

48. Dioscorea fordii Prain & Burkill, J. Proc. Asiat. Soc. Ben-gal 4: 450. 1908.

山薯 shan shu

Dioscorea hainanensis Prain & Burkill, Bull. Misc. In-form. Kew 1936: 494. 1936.

Tubers vertical, cylindric; cork drying brown, persistent; transverse section white. Stem twining to right, glabrous, prick-ly at base. Leaves alternate basally on stem, opposite distally on stem, simple; leaf blade elliptic-ovate to broadly lanceolate, 4–

50. Dioscorea exalata C. T. Ting & M. C. Chang, Acta Phyto-tax. Sin. 20: 208. 1982.

14(–17) × 1.5–8(–13) cm, papery, glabrous, basal veins 5 or 7, outermost ones near margin, base sagittate or hastate to deeply cordate or rounded with basal lobes slightly spreading, apex acuminate or caudate. Male spikes 2–4 together, 1.5–3 cm, in axillary panicles to 40 cm; rachis zigzagged. Male flowers: outer perianth lobes broadly ovate, 1.5–2 mm, inner ones obo-vate, narrower but thicker than outer; stamens 6. Female spike often solitary, to 25 cm in fruit. Capsule not reflexed, oblate, 1.5–3 cm; wings 1–2.2 cm wide. Seeds inserted near middle of capsule, winged all round. Fl. Oct–Jan, fr. Dec–Jan.

无翅参薯 wu chi shen shu

Tubers ovoid or cylindric; cork drying brown; transverse section white. Stem twining to right, green or purplish red, glabrous. Leaves alternate basally on stem, opposite distally on stem, simple; leaf blade abaxially purplish red along veins, ovate to long elliptic-ovate, 6–16 × 4–14 cm, glabrous, basal veins 7 or 9, base sagittate or hastate to cordate with basal lobes bluntly angular, apex acute, acuminate, or caudate. Male spikes solitary or a few together, 2–3 cm, borne along pan-iclelike, lateral branches to 30 cm; rachis obviously zigzagged. Male flowers: sessile; outer perianth lobes elliptic-ovate, apex obtuse, inner ones spatulate; stamens 6. Female spikes solitary or paired. Female flowers: outer perianth lobes broadly ovate, inner ones elliptic. Capsule not reflexed, oblate, 1.5–2.5 cm; wings 1.7–2.3 cm wide. Seeds inserted near middle of capsule, winged all round.

• Mixed forests, mountain slopes, valleys, along rivers, roadsides; near sea level to 1200 m. Fujian, Guangdong, Guangxi, S Hunan, S Zhejiang.

49. Dioscorea persimilis Prain & Burkill, J. Proc. Asiat. Soc. Bengal 4: 454. 1908.

褐苞薯蓣 he bao shu yu

Tubers vertical, cylindric; cork yellowish brown; trans-verse section white. Stem twining toright, dryingreddish brown, 0.1–0.6 cm thick, slender, hard, glabrous, often 4–8-ridged. Bulblets present. Leaves alternate basally on stem, opposite dis-tally on stem, simple; leaf blade drying reddish brown, orbic-ular, ovate, or triangular to narrowly elliptic-ovate, 4–15 × 2–13 cm, papery, glabrous, basal veins 7 or 9, reticulate veins promi-nent, base sagittate or hastate or deeply or broadly cordate, mar-gin entire, apex acute, acuminate, or caudate. Male spikes 2–4 together, 1–4 cm, usually in slender, axillary panicles to 40 cm; rachis obviously zigzagged.Male flowers: bracts purplish brown spotted, ovate, ca. 1/2 as long as perianth, apex acuminate; outer perianth lobes brown spotted, broadly ovate, ca. 1.2 × 0.7 mm, apex rounded; stamens 6. Female spikes solitary or paired. Female flowers: outer perianth lobes ovate; staminodes small. Capsule not reflexed, oblate, 1.5–2.5 cm; wings 1.2–2 cm wide. Seeds inserted near middle of capsule, winged all round. Fl. Jul–Dec, fr. Sep–Jan.

Mixed forests, broad-leaved forests, bamboo forests, mountain slopes, valleys, roadsides; 1000–2400 m. Guangdong, Guangxi, Gui-zhou, Sichuan, Yunnan [Thailand, Vietnam].

51. Dioscorea alata Linnaeus, Sp. Pl. 2: 1033. 1753.

参薯 shen shu

Dioscorea alata var. purpurea (Roxburgh) A. Pouchet; D. purpurea Roxburgh.

Tubers variable, usually globose or conical (when cork brown or purplish black and transverse section purplish white), or oblate or cylindric, much branched (when cork brown or grayish yellow and transverse section white). Stem twining to right, glabrous, ridged, with 4 narrow, membranous wings, prickly at base. Bulblets present, variable in shape. Leaves alternate basally on stem, opposite distally on stem, simple; petiole green or purplish red, 4–15 cm; leaf blade green or purplish red, ovate, 6–15(–20) × 4–13 cm, papery, glabrous, base sagittate to deeply cordate, apex shortly acuminate or caudate. Male spikes solitary or a few together, 1.5–4 cm, sometimes forming a panicle; rachis obviously zigzagged. Male flowers: outer perianth lobes broadly ovate, 1.5–2 mm; stamens 6. Female spikes solitary or 2 or 3 together. Female flowers: staminodes 6. Capsule not reflexed, oblate, sometimes obcordate, 1.5–2.5 cm; wings 1.2–2.2 cm wide. Seeds inserted near middle of capsule, winged all round. Fl. Nov–Jan, fr. Dec–Jan.

Mixed forests, scrub forests, mountain slopes, valleys, roadsides; 100–2000 m. Fujian, Guangdong, Guangxi, S Guizhou, Hunan, S Yun-nan [Vietnam].

1a. Plants glabrous throughout .................. 49a. var. persimilis

1b. Stem, petiole, leaf blade veins abaxially, and peduncle pubescent ...................... 49b. var. pubescens

49a. Dioscorea persimilis var. persimilis

褐苞薯蓣(原变种) he bao shu yu (yuan bian zhong)

Plants glabrous throughout. Fl. Jul–Jun, fr. Sep–Jan.

Cultivated. Guangdong, Hubei [probably originated in cultivation in SE Asia; now cultivated pantropically].

Mixed forests, scrub forests, mountain slopes, valleys, roadsides; 100–2000 m. Fujian, Guangdong, Guangxi, S Guizhou, Hunan, S Yun-nan [Vietnam].

52. Dioscorea decipiens J. D. Hooker, Fl. Brit. India 6: 293. 1892.

49b. Dioscorea persimilis var. pubescens C. T. Ting & M. C. Chang, Acta Phytotax. Sin. 20: 205. 1982.

多毛叶薯蓣 duo mao ye shu yu

Tubers vertical, cylindric; cork brown, drying wrinkled; transverse section white or light yellow, drying slightly purplish brown. Stem twining to right, densely puberulent, glabrescent, rarely glabrous. Leaves alternate basally on stem, opposite dis-tally on stem, simple; petiole 1–6 cm; leaf blade ovate to ellip-tic-ovate or ovate-lanceolate, 5–17(–20) × 3–10(–14) cm, base slightly cordate to rounded, margin entire, apex obtuse, sharply

毛褐苞薯蓣 mao he bao shu yu

Stem, petiole, leaf blade veins abaxially, and peduncle pub-escent. Fl. Dec, fr. Dec–Jan.

• Forests, mountain slopes; 500–1000 m. SW Guangxi (Longzhou Xian), S Yunnan.

acuminate, or caudate. Male spikes solitary or 2 or 3 together, ca. 2 cm, in axillary panicles 6–30 cm; main axis sometimes to 2 mm thick, densely and shortly pubescent; rachis straight. Male flowers: perianth greenish white, glabrous, outer lobes broadly ovate, ca. 1.2 mm, inner ones elliptic-ovate; stamens 3; stami-nodes 3. Female spikes to 20 cm, puberulent. Female flowers: staminodes 6. Capsule not reflexed, oblate, 1–2 cm; wings 0.7–1.7 cm wide. Seeds inserted near middle of capsule, winged all round. Fl. Sep–Jan, fr. Dec–Jan.

Evergreen broad-leaved forests, scrub, mountain slopes; 500–2200 m. Yunnan [Laos, Myanmar, Thailand].

1a. Stem and leaves puberulent when young ..................................................... 52a. var. decipiens

1b. Stem and leaves glabrous .................. 52b. var. glabrescens

52a. Dioscorea decipiens var. decipiens

多毛叶薯蓣(原变种) duo mao ye shu yu (yuan bian zhong)

Stem and leaves puberulent when young.

Evergreen broad-leaved forests, scrub, mountain slopes; 500–2200 m. Yunnan [Laos, Myanmar, Thailand].

52b. Dioscorea decipiens var. glabrescens C. T. Ting & M. C. Chang, Acta Phytotax. Sin. 20: 206. 1982.

滇薯 dian shu

Stem and leaves glabrous.

• Forests, mountain slopes; 1100–1500 m. W Yunnan (Lincang Xian).

Biodiversity : Use and Conservation

Dioscorea and Research, Phase-II

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