Sanjeet Kumar and Padan Kumar Jena. (2013). Peperomia pellucida (Ghusripan): A shallow-rooted medicinal herb with diverse use. Sabujima. 21: 55-57.
modified form here
Sanjeet Kumar and Padan Kumar Jena
Department of Botany, Ravens haw University, Cuttack- 750003, Odisha, India
This article is accepted as review for Sabujima-2013, is going to publish on 1st week of January. It is a revised article of my previous blog.
Cuttack is an old city of Odisha, popularly known as Silver City. It is the headquarters of Cuttack district and is located about 28 km to the North-east of Bhubaneswar, the capital of Odisha. The name of the city is an anglicized form of Kataka that literally means The Fort, a reference to the ancient Barabati Fort around which the city developed. The city is located at 20°30′N 85°50′E to / 20.5°N 85.83°E and it spreads across an area of 398 km2 (154 sq mi) and is situated the Mahanadi river delta. The city has an average elevation of 36 metres (118 ft). Established in 989 AD, Cuttack was the seat of government in Orissa for close to a thousand years before its burgeoning size forced the creation of a new capital at Bhubaneswar in 1948.
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| Barabati Fort |
The two cities are collectively referred to as the Twin Cities. Cuttack is famous for its unique silver filigree works and textiles of woven. The monsoon months are from July to October when the city receives most of its rainfall from the South West Monsoon. The annual rainfall is around 144 cm. The winter season from November to February is characterised by mild temperatures and occasional showers. Temperatures may exceed 40°C at the height of summer and may fall to below 10°C at times in winter(Orissa Gazette, 2009).The city is also known by the name of Netajee Subhas Chandra Bose (Prominent Figure of Indian independence movement activism).
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| Geographical map of Silver city of Odisha |
Around the urban area of Cuttack, are available many types of medicinal plants, but due to lack of scientific documentation, populace of the city have ignored these common medicinal plants. Now-a-days many people are interested in herbal medicine may be due to more side-effects of allopathic medicines. They depend on traditional medicine with various types of modifications. Many organisations are also engaged to promote the traditional medicine, e.g. Patanjali. Therefore an attempt has been taken to document a very common medicinal herb Peperomia pellucida, commonly known as “Ghushripan” belonging to family Piperaceae aboundant in and around cuttack city.
Common names in different countries
Guianas : Konsaka wiwiri
Brazil : Coracaozinho or "little heart"
South America : Lingua de sapo,
Philippines : Pansit-pansitan
Vietnam : Cang cua
Thailand : Pak krasang
Japan : Suna kosho
Common names in India
English : Shiny bush
Malyalam: Mashitandu chedi
Bengoli: Pononoa, Lochi Pata
Sanskrit : Toyakandha
Oriya: Ghusripan
Andmani: Mukhatbila
Botany
Peperomia pellucida L. is an annual, shallow-rooted shiny herb is a common fleshy annual, growing by roadside and in wasteland (wet areas). Usually grows to a height of about 15 to 45 cm. Stems are translucent pale green, erect or ascending, 15-45 cm long, internodes 3-8 cm long, hairless. Fleshy leaves are heart shaped, shiny light green, 1.5-4 cm long, 1-3.3 cm wide. It has very small bi-sexual flowers growing in the form of cord-like spikes, 3-6 cm long, arising from the leaf axils. The fruits are also very small, round to oblong, ridged, first green later black. They have one single seed. It has a mustard-like odour when crushed. The plant can be utilized as a vegetable and in salads.
Distribution
The genus Peperomia represents nearly half of the Piperaceae with the genus Piper making the bulk of the rest. The plant is found in various shaded, damp habitats all over Asia and the Americas. It is native to South America. It grows in clumps, thriving in loose, humid soils and a tropical to subtropical climate. Peperomias are herbs of tropical and subtropical regions. Most of them occur in Central and Northern South America. Fewer species are known from Africa, Asia, and Oceania. Different endemic species are known from the islands of the Indian Ocean, the Pacific, and the Caribbean. It is well represented in India too. Although a lot of them grow as epiphytes in rainforest habitats, many are succulents found in the high Andes.
Medicinal properties as traditional herb
v A solution of the fresh juice of stem and leaves is used against eye inflammation.
It is also applied against cough, fever, common cold, headache, sore throat, diarrhoea, against kidney - and prostate problems and high blood pressure(Mishra, 2010).
It is also applied against cough, fever, common cold, headache, sore throat, diarrhoea, against kidney - and prostate problems and high blood pressure(Mishra, 2010).
v Leaves are used in the treatment of abscesses, furuncles, gout, rheumatic pains and conjunctivitis.
v Although the plant can cause asthma-like symptoms in patients with known hypersensitivity reactions to the species, no clinical data have yet been reported on human toxicity.
v Ethnomedicinal data in Bolivia from Alteños Indians document the whole plant being crushed, mixed with water, heated, and then orally administered to stop hemorrhage. The same reference documents a root decoction for treatment of fevers and mashed aerial parts applied topically or used as dressing for wounds (Mishra, 2010).
v In Guyana and the Amazon region, it is a popular cough suppressant, emollient, and diuretic. It is also used to treat proteinuria.
v In north-eastern Brazil, the plant has been used to lower cholesterol.
v In the Philippines, a decoction of the plant is used to decrease uric acid levels and to treat renal problems. It is also used topically for skin disorders such as acne and boils.
v It has been used for treating abdominal pain, abscesses, acne, boils, colic, fatigue, gout, headache, renal disorders, and rheumatic pain, and to treat breast cancer, impotence, measles, mental disorders, and smallpox. It has been used in salads or as a cooked vegetable to help relieve rheumatic joint pain.
v Other medicinal properties vary depending on region. In northeastern Brazil, the plant has been used to lower cholesterol; in Guyana, it has been used as a diuretic and to treat proteinuria; and in the Amazon region, it has been used as a cough suppressant, diuretic, and emollient, and to treat cardiac arrhythmia.
v Peperomia pellucida has been used as a food item as well as a medicinal herb. Although mostly grown for its ornamental foliage, the entire plant is edible, both cooked and raw.
v The roots are used to treat fevers and the aerial parts are used as dressing for wounds.
v In Odisha, plant paste is used to cure abdominal pain.
Pharmacological Uses
v Chloroform extracts from dried leaves of Peperomia pellucida have been shown to exhibit antifungal activity against Trichophyton mentagrophytes in vitro.
v Numerous chemical investigations, primarily on the essential oils of the plant, are found in medical literature. One study identified 71 compounds from the essential oils of 10 Piperaceae species. Sesquiterpenes appear to be the major chemical constituents in the essential oils. Carotol (13.41%) was the major hydroxylated sesquiterpene in a chemical analysis of Peperomia pellucida . Flavonoids, phytosterols, arylpropanoids (eg, apiols), substituted styrenes, and pellucidin-A have been isolated(Ragasa et al.,1998).
v Antifungal activity has been documented due to presence of acacetin, a flavonoids.
v This plant is reported to have analgesic activity; antibacterial activity against Bacillus subtilis, Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Staphylococcus aureus( Khan et al., 2002).
v The analgesic properties of the plant seem to be related to its effect on prostaglandin synthesis.
Conclusion
Peperomia pellucida is a widely distributed shallow-rooted medicinal plant in Silver city of Cuttack and its surroundings. It is of great medicinal and pharmacological values. The literature and ethno-botanical survey have revealed its therapeutic importance. However, less informations are available on its possible use in preparation of medicine and drugs. Further studies can be carried out on clinical evaluation and pharmacological utilization of this herb and its bio-active compounds for formulation of medicine.
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