INTRODUCATION
Centella asiatica, locally known as “Thalkudi” is a mild aromatic smelling herb growing in wet and marshy places throughout the country.It has been used widely in folk medicines for thousands of years to treat a wide range of illness. In Orissa, it is described under the name of “Thalkudi” and used in traditional medicine. It has been used as a support for faster healing of small wounds; the treatment of burns, iteching and insects bites In contrast with other medicinal plants, this plant has been subjected to quite extensive experimental clinical investigations due to its ability to heal relieve and recover human being from various pain and sickness. In many parts of the country including among tribes if Orissa , it is used as a brain tonic for promoting brain growth and improving memory and also used in mentally retarded children to improve general mental ability In India, it is described under the name of available along with insulin for the treatment of diabetes Mandukaparni and used in Ayurveda medicine. It has mellitus, there is increasing demand by patients to use the been used as a support for faster healing of small wounds. Herbal preparations with anti-diabetic activity. Current The plant extract has been incorporated into the Indian therapies seem to be insufficient to prevent diabetic pharmacopoeia and recommended not only for wound complications, with a two-to four-fold likelihood for healing but especially for the treatment of skin diseases developing cardiovascular events.
BOTANY
A variable herb with long creeping stems rooting at the nodes. Young leaves and petioles villous, below, simple L orbicular-reniform never lobed but often with large rounded crenatures or sometimes coarsely dentate or sub-entire. Umbels usually several at a node, perhaps representing a sessile compound umbel, each with a pair of ovate sub –amplexicaul bracts, Flowers, sub-sessile, petals reddish white ovate acute or obtuse imbricate. Stamens red. Fruit with very narrow commissure, didymous, cocci, seed laterally compressed.
Classification: Botanical synonyms:
Classification: Botanical synonyms:
Kingdom: Plantae Centella coriacea (Linn.)Urban
Division: Angiosperm Hydrocotyle asiatica Linn.
Class: Dicotyledonous Hydrocotyle lunata
Order: Umbelliferae
Family: Apiaceae
Genus: Centella
Species: asiatica Linn
Vernacular names: Different vernacular names in Orissa
English: Gotukola
French: Bevilaequa Common name: - Thalkudi and Brahmi
German: Wassernabel Dongaria: - Banda kucha.
Burmese: Myien-hkwa- Dk :- Mandukagandi , Dhuna.
Persian: Sardeturkastan Oriya :- Bhuinpataki, Duasag, chake dopa
(Kolho of Simlipal)
Sanskrit: Mandukaparni
Hindi: Brahma-manduki
Kannada: Brahmisoppu
Marathi: Karinga
Tamil: Vallarei
Bongoli :- Thal-khuri
Telgu :- Brahmi , Saraswathi aaku.
CHEMISTRY
Centella contains several active constituents, of which the most important are the following:-
· Triterpene acids, Thankunie acid , brahmiz and isobrative.
· Alkaloids: - hydrocotylin.
It has many therapeutic use such as depression, impotence, leueorrhoea, dropsy, headache,vertigo, filcociasis,leprosy,syphilis,psuriasis,eczema,urticoria,weakness of memory.It has physic-chemical nature viz;diuretic,aparient and tonic.
· Glycosides: - Asiaticoside A and B, Centelloside, Brahmoside, thankuniside etc.triterpeneglycoside.
· Flavonoids: - gulucosylkaemferol etc.
· Ester : Methyl ester.
In addition, Centella contains other components, including volatile oils, , tannins, phytosterols, amino acids, and sugars.Asiaticoside show efficacy against Mycobacterium tuberculosis, Bacillus leprae and Entamoeba histolytica.Asiaticoside, a trisaccharide triterpene, has been identified as the most active compound in the plant associated with the healing of wounds and duodenal ulcers, whilst the triterpene saponins are also reported to possess immunomodulatory properties (Plohmann et al., 1994).
ETHNOBOTANY
The Ethnobotany of Centella asiatica among Dongaria kandho of niyamgiri hills in Orissa are:-
· It is taken and applied two times for instant treatment of headache on one side ( Ardhkapari)
· Juice is used for clear vision of eyes in children.
· Intake of juice in empty stomach in morning for 2-3 weeks is gives as growth tonic and to enhance the power of memory.
· The whole plant crushed with turmeric (Curcuma longa) and black pepper (Piper nigrum) and the extract gargled for month ulcers by Khonds , Savaras , Nukaderas- twice a day.
· Leaves grind mix jiggery eaten as an appetizer.
Other Ethnobotany sources:-
· Leaf 1. Blood disorders. 1/8 kg of leaves is boiled with water. 1 cup of the decoction is taken with 5/32 kg honey every morning and evening..Fever. 1/32 kg of leaf juice of Centella asiatica is mixed with 1/32 kg leaf juice of Nyctanthes arbor-tristis and taken every morning on an empty stomach till cure. . (A.H. at al, 2009).
· Juice of plant, about 6 teaspoon 3 times a day, is suggested in case of fever. (N.P.manadhar, 1992).
· Whole plant parts are crushed and are used to cure leprosy, tuberculosis and asthma.(Albert et al,2010.).
· Whole plant paste is taken with a glass of milk. Leaf paste is used to treat diabetic ulcers (G.jaykumar et al 2010).
PHARMACOLOGICAL USES
In classical Indian Ayurveda literature, it is considered to be one of the ‘Rasayana’ (rejuvenator) drugs. (Jayashree et al, 2003) In common with most traditional phytotherapeutic agents, C. asiatica is claimed to possess a wide range of pharmacological effects, being used for human wounds healing, mental disorders, atherosclerosis, fungicidal, antibacterial, antioxidant and anticancer purposes. C. asiatica has also been reported to be useful in the treatment of inflammations, diarrhea, asthma, tuberculosis and various skin lesions and ailments like leprosy, lupus, psoriasis and keloid. In addition, numerous clinical reports verify the ulcer-preventive and antidepressive sedative effects of C. asiatica preparations, as well as their ability to improve venous insufficiency and microangiopathy (Zheng and Qin, 2007). Previously triterpenoid acids, volatile and fatty oils, alkaloids, glycosides, flavonoids, and steroids have been isolated from the different parts of the plant. (Jayashree et al, 2003). We herein, report the preliminary antioxidant, cytotoxic and antimicrobial activities of the extractives of C. asiatica.
REFRENCES
· Sharma PV. Dravyaguna vignana. 13th Ed., Chaukhamba Vishwa Bharati Academy. 1992; p: 3–5.
· Dash PK, Mistry IU, Rao AR, Patel KS. Role of Medhya Rasayana in school children. Ayu. 1996; 12:15.
· Anbuganapathi GA. Synergetic effect of Vallarai and Brahmi on learning ability of albino mice and school children. Paper presented in International seminar on Recent Trends in Pharmaceutical Sciences,Ootacamund, 18-20 February 1995.
· Rajagopalan V. Effect of Ayushman 8 in manasa mandata (mental retardation). Paper presented in seminar on Research in Ayurveda and Siddha, CCRAS New Delhi, 20-22 March 1995.
· A.H. Md. Mahabub Nawaz, Maruf Hossain, Masud Karim, Mujib Khan, Rownak Jahan, Mohammed Ra hmatullah.; An ethnobotanical survey of Rajshahi dis trict in Rajshahi divis ion, Bangladesh, Am.-Eurasian J. Sustain. Agric., 3(2): 143-150, 2009.
· N.P.Manandhar, “Ethnobotanical note on folk-lore remedies of Baglung district, Nepal”,research note, 1992.
· Jayashree, G., M. Kurup, S. Sudarslal and V. B. Jacob, 2003. Anti-oxidant activity of Centella asiatica on lymphoma-bearing mice.Fitoterapia. 74, 431-434.
· Zheng, C.J. and L.P. Qin, 2007. Chemical components of Centella asiatica and their bioactivities. Chin Integr Med / Zhong Xi Yi Jie He Xue Bao. 5(3), 348-351.
· Plohmann, B., Bader, G., Streich, S., Hilter, K. and Franz, G. (1994). Immunomodulatory effects of triterpenoid saponins.Eur. J. Pharm. Sci. 2, 120.
· Albert L.Sajem ,Kuldip gosai jan 2010,Ethnobotanical investigations among the Lushai tribes in North Cacher Hills district of Assam, Northeast India,Indian journal of Traditional knowledge, Vol. 9(1),pp108-113.
· G jayakumar et all.2010, “Ethnobotanical survey of plants used in the treatment of Diabetic”,Indian journal of traditional knowledge,Vol 9(1) pp-100-104.
SANJEET KUMAR
Department of Life Science
REGIONAL INSTITUTE OF EDUCATION (NCERT)
BHUBANESHWAR
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